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Word-level quality estimation (QE) methods aim to detect erroneous spans in machine translations, which can direct and facilitate human post-editing. While the accuracy of word-level QE systems has been assessed extensively, their usability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Gabriele Sarti , Vilém Zouhar , Grzegorz Chrupała , Ana Guerberof-Arenas , Malvina Nissim , Arianna Bisazza

With the recent advance in neural machine translation demonstrating its importance, research on quality estimation (QE) has been steadily progressing. QE aims to automatically predict the quality of machine translation (MT) output without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Sugyeong Eo , Chanjun Park , Hyeonseok Moon , Jaehyung Seo , Gyeongmin Kim , Jungseob Lee , Heuiseok Lim

This paper describes our submission of the WMT 2020 Shared Task on Sentence Level Direct Assessment, Quality Estimation (QE). In this study, we empirically reveal the \textit{mismatching issue} when directly adopting BERTScore to QE.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Lei Zhou , Liang Ding , Koichi Takeda

Neural machine translation systems estimate probabilities of target sentences given source sentences, yet these estimates may not align with human preferences. This work introduces QE-fusion, a method that synthesizes translations using a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Giorgos Vernikos , Andrei Popescu-Belis

This paper describes our submission to the shared task on word/phrase level Quality Estimation (QE) in the First Conference on Statistical Machine Translation (WMT16). The objective of the shared task was to predict if the given word/phrase…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-10-25 Raj Nath Patel , Sasikumar M

Quality Estimation (QE) metrics are vital in machine translation for reference-free evaluation and increasingly serve as selection criteria in data filtering and candidate reranking. However, the prevalence and impact of length bias in QE…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Yilin Zhang , Wenda Xu , Zhongtao Liu , Tetsuji Nakagawa , Markus Freitag

Quality estimation aims to measure the quality of translated content without access to a reference translation. This is crucial for machine translation systems in real-world scenarios where high-quality translation is needed. While many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Yi-Lin Tuan , Ahmed El-Kishky , Adithya Renduchintala , Vishrav Chaudhary , Francisco Guzmán , Lucia Specia

The task of word-level quality estimation (QE) consists of taking a source sentence and machine-generated translation, and predicting which words in the output are correct and which are wrong. In this paper, propose a method to effectively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-05 Junjie Hu , Wei-Cheng Chang , Yuexin Wu , Graham Neubig

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated excellent performance on Machine Translation Quality Estimation (MTQE), yet their high inference costs make them impractical for direct application. In this work, we propose applying LLMs to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Sidi Wang , Sophie Arnoult , Amir Kamran

Unsupervised cross-lingual pretraining has achieved strong results in neural machine translation (NMT), by drastically reducing the need for large parallel data. Most approaches adapt masked-language modeling (MLM) to sequence-to-sequence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Christos Baziotis , Ivan Titov , Alexandra Birch , Barry Haddow

Quality estimation (QE) for tasks involving language data is hard owing to numerous aspects of natural language like variations in paraphrasing, style, grammar, etc. There can be multiple answers with varying levels of acceptability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-30 Prabhakar Gupta , Anil Nelakanti

Neural machine translation (NMT) is often criticized for failures that happen without awareness. The lack of competency awareness makes NMT untrustworthy. This is in sharp contrast to human translators who give feedback or conduct further…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Pei Zhang , Baosong Yang , Haoran Wei , Dayiheng Liu , Kai Fan , Luo Si , Jun Xie

Machine Translation Quality Estimation is a notoriously difficult task, which lessens its usefulness in real-world translation environments. Such scenarios can be improved if quality predictions are accompanied by a measure of uncertainty.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-07-01 Daniel Beck , Lucia Specia , Trevor Cohn

Several neural-based metrics have been recently proposed to evaluate machine translation quality. However, all of them resort to point estimates, which provide limited information at segment level. This is made worse as they are trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-28 Taisiya Glushkova , Chrysoula Zerva , Ricardo Rei , André F. T. Martins

Gender bias in machine translation (MT) systems has been extensively documented, but bias in automatic quality estimation (QE) metrics remains comparatively underexplored. Existing studies suggest that QE metrics can also exhibit gender…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Giorgos Filandrianos , Orfeas Menis Mastromichalakis , Wafaa Mohammed , Giuseppe Attanasio , Chrysoula Zerva

Multilingual pretraining and fine-tuning have remarkably succeeded in various natural language processing tasks. Transferring representations from one language to another is especially crucial for cross-lingual learning. One can expect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Shaoxiong Ji , Timothee Mickus , Vincent Segonne , Jörg Tiedemann

A major challenge in the practical use of Machine Translation (MT) is that users lack guidance to make informed decisions about when to rely on outputs. Progress in quality estimation research provides techniques to automatically assess MT…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Nikita Mehandru , Sweta Agrawal , Yimin Xiao , Elaine C Khoong , Ge Gao , Marine Carpuat , Niloufar Salehi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance across a wide range of natural language processing tasks. Quality Estimation (QE) for Machine Translation (MT), which assesses the quality of a source-target pair without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Archchana Sindhujan , Shenbin Qian , Chan Chi Chun Matthew , Constantin Orasan , Diptesh Kanojia

We present a framework for machine translation evaluation using neural networks in a pairwise setting, where the goal is to select the better translation from a pair of hypotheses, given the reference translation. In this framework,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-10-06 Francisco Guzmán , Shafiq R. Joty , Lluís Màrquez , Preslav Nakov

This paper proposes an efficient and semi-automated method for human-in-the-loop post-editing for machine translation (MT) corpus generation. The method is based on online training of a custom MT quality estimation metric on-the-fly as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Kamer Ali Yuksel , Ahmet Gunduz , Shreyas Sharma , Hassan Sawaf