Related papers: Noether's first theorem and the energy-momentum te…
Multiple methods for deriving the energy-momentum tensor for a physical theory exist in the literature. The most common methods are to use Noether's first theorem with the 4-parameter Poincar\'{e} translation, or to write the action in a…
Through symmetry of the action under global spacetime translations, Noether's first theorem infamously entails an energy-momentum tensor (EMT) that is neither symmetric nor gauge-invariant. In a prior work [Phys. Rev. D 106, 125012 (2022)],…
Noether's first and second theorems both imply conserved currents that can be identified as an energy-momentum tensor (EMT). The first theorem identifies the EMT as the conserved current associated with global spacetime translations, while…
Recent research has highlighted the non-uniqueness problem of energy-momentum tensors in linearized gravity; many different tensors are published in the literature, yet for particular calculations a unique expression is required. It has…
It is shown that using Noether's Theorem explicitly employing gauge invariance for variations of the electromagnetic four-potential $A^\mu$ straightforwardly ensures that the resulting electromagnetic energy-momentum tensor is symmetric.…
We clarify the relation between canonical and metric energy-momentum tensors. In particular, we show that a natural definition arises from Noether's Theorem which directly leads to a symmetric and gauge invariant tensor for electromagnetic…
Noether's theorem is reviewed with a particular focus on an intermediate step between global and local gauge and coordinate transformations, namely linear transformations. We rederive the well known result that global symmetry leads to…
Two distinct energy-momentum tensors of the theory of weak gravity and spinor quantum mechanics are analyzed with respect to their four-divergence and expectation values of energy. The first energy-momentum tensor is obtained by a…
We exploit an ambiguity somewhat hidden in Noether's theorem to derive systematically, for relativistic field theories, the stress-energy tensor's improvement terms that are associated with additional spacetime symmetries beyond…
This paper has three main aims: first, to give a pedagogical introduction to Noether's two theorems and their implications for energy conservation in general relativity, which was a central point of discussion between Hilbert, Klein,…
We give a comprehensive review of various methods to define currents and the energy-momentum tensor in classical field theory, with emphasis on a geometric point of view. The necessity of ``improving'' the expressions provided by the…
In a non-commutative field theory, the energy-momentum tensor obtained from the Noether method needs not be symmetric; in a massless theory, it needs not be traceless either. In a non-commutative scalar field theory, the method yields a…
On the basis of a non-local Lagrangian for Maxwell equations in a dispersive medium, the energy-momentum tensor of the field is derived. We obtain the Field equations through variational methods and an extension of Noether theorem for a…
We construct the gravitational energy-momentum tensor in general relativity through the Noether theorem. In particular, we explicitly demonstrate that the constructed quantity can vary as a tensor under the general coordinate…
Based on a general variational principle, Noether's theorem is revisited. It is shown that the so called pseudotensor problem of the gravitational energy-momentum is a result of mis-reading Noether's theorem, and in fact, all the Noether's…
In the framework of classical field theory, we first review the Noether theory of symmetries, with simple rederivations of its essential results, with special emphasis given to the Noether identities for gauge theories. Will this baggage on…
For electromagnetic field theories, canonical energy-momentum conservation laws can be derived from the underpinning spacetime translation symmetry according to the Noether procedure. However, the canonical Energy-Momentum Tensors (EMTs)…
We revisit the old problem of the energy-momentum tensor in general relativistic field theories. On the basis of the general covariance we derive a simple equation for the Hilbert and Noether energy-momentum tensors for the scalar and…
Noether's theorem is widely regarded as one of the most elegant results in theoretical physics. The article presents two simple examples that can be used to demonstrate the basic idea behind Noether's theorem, by deriving a relation between…
Local symmetry transformations play an important role for establishing the existence and form of a conserved (Noether) current in systems with a global continuous symmetry. We explain how this fact leads to the existence of linear relations…