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The best known size lower bounds against unrestricted circuits have remained around $3n$ for several decades. Moreover, the only known technique for proving lower bounds in this model, gate elimination, is inherently limited to proving…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Alexander Golovnev , Alexander S. Kulikov , R. Ryan Williams

Polynomial representations of Boolean functions over various rings such as $\mathbb{Z}$ and $\mathbb{Z}_m$ have been studied since Minsky and Papert (1969). From then on, they have been employed in a large variety of fields including…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-05-04 Xiaoming Sun , Yuan Sun , Jiaheng Wang , Kewen Wu , Zhiyu Xia , Yufan Zheng

Arithmetic circuits are a natural well-studied model for computing multivariate polynomials over a field. In this paper, we study planar arithmetic circuits. These are circuits whose underlying graph is planar. In particular, we prove an…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-09-16 C. Ramya , Pratik Shastri

The approximate degree of a Boolean function $f(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots,x_{n})$ is the minimum degree of a real polynomial that approximates $f$ pointwise within $1/3$. Upper bounds on approximate degree have a variety of applications in…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-01-16 Alexander A. Sherstov

The threshold degree of a Boolean function $f\colon\{0,1\}^n\to\{0,1\}$ is the minimum degree of a real polynomial $p$ that represents $f$ in sign: $\mathrm{sgn}\; p(x)=(-1)^{f(x)}.$ A related notion is sign-rank, defined for a Boolean…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-01-07 Alexander A. Sherstov , Pei Wu

We introduce a new algebraic proof system, which has tight connections to (algebraic) circuit complexity. In particular, we show that any super-polynomial lower bound on any Boolean tautology in our proof system implies that the permanent…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-04-16 Joshua A. Grochow , Toniann Pitassi

In this paper we research a model of multilayer circuits with a single logical layer. We consider $\lambda$-separable graphs as a support for circuits. We establish the Shannon function lower bound $\max \bigl(\frac{2^n}{n}, \frac{2^n (1 -…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-03-16 T. R. Sitdikov , G. V. Kalachev

We establish new separations between the power of monotone and general (non-monotone) Boolean circuits: - For every $k \geq 1$, there is a monotone function in ${\sf AC^0}$ that requires monotone circuits of depth $\Omega(\log^k n)$. This…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Bruno P. Cavalar , Igor C. Oliveira

The paper proposes an implicit (i.e., machine-independent) complexity approach to studying computation by polynomial-size, constant-depth circuits with gates counting modulo a constant through the lens of discrete ordinary differential…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Melissa Antonelli , Arnaud Durand , Rui Li

We study the size blow-up that is necessary to convert an algebraic circuit of product-depth $\Delta+1$ to one of product-depth $\Delta$ in the multilinear setting. We show that for every positive $\Delta = \Delta(n) = o(\log n/\log \log…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-04-10 Suryajith Chillara , Christian Engels , Nutan Limaye , Srikanth Srinivasan

We investigate the complexity of uniform OR circuits and AND circuits of polynomial-size and depth. As their name suggests, OR circuits have OR gates as their computation gates, as well as the usual input, output and constant (0/1) gates.…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2013-09-06 Niall Murphy , Damien Woods

We present a top-down lower-bound method for depth-$4$ boolean circuits. In particular, we give a new proof of the well-known result that the parity function requires depth-$4$ circuits of size exponential in $n^{1/3}$. Our proof is an…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Mika Göös , Artur Riazanov , Anastasia Sofronova , Dmitry Sokolov

We prove that there is a constant $C\leq 6.614$ such that every Boolean function of degree at most $d$ (as a polynomial over $\mathbb{R}$) is a $C\cdot 2^d$-junta, i.e. it depends on at most $C\cdot 2^d$ variables. This improves the $d\cdot…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-11-20 John Chiarelli , Pooya Hatami , Michael Saks

We give a "regularity lemma" for degree-d polynomial threshold functions (PTFs) over the Boolean cube {-1,1}^n. This result shows that every degree-d PTF can be decomposed into a constant number of subfunctions such that almost all of the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-03-13 Ilias Diakonikolas , Rocco A. Servedio , Li-Yang Tan , Andrew Wan

We study a natural complexity measure of Boolean functions known as the rational degree. Denoted $\textrm{rdeg}(f)$, it is the minimal degree of a rational function that is equal to $f$ on the Boolean hypercube. For total functions $f$, it…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Vishnu Iyer , Siddhartha Jain , Robin Kothari , Matt Kovacs-Deak , Vinayak M. Kumar , Luke Schaeffer , Daochen Wang , Michael Whitmeyer

Recently classes of conic and discrete conic functions were introduced. In this paper we use the term convic instead conic. The class of convic functions properly includes the classes of convex functions, strictly quasiconvex functions and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-11-03 S. I. Veselov , D. V. Gribanov , N. Yu. Zolotykh , A. Yu. Chirkov

$\mathrm{QAC}^0$ is the family of constant-depth polynomial-size quantum circuits consisting of arbitrary single qubit unitaries and multi-qubit Toffoli gates. It was introduced by Moore [arXiv: 9903046] as a quantum counterpart of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Anurag Anshu , Yangjing Dong , Fengning Ou , Penghui Yao

The complexity of continuous piecewise affine (CPA) functions can be measured by the number of pieces $p$ or the number of distinct affine functions $n$. For CPA functions on $\mathbb{R}^d$, this paper shows an upper bound of $p=O(n^{d+1})$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-03-17 Leo Zanotti

A notorious open question in circuit complexity is whether Boolean operations of arbitrary arity can efficiently be expressed using modular counting gates only. H{\aa}stad's celebrated switching lemma yields exponential lower bounds for the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Benedikt Pago

We count algebraic points of bounded height and degree on the graphs of certain functions analytic on the unit disk, obtaining a bound which is polynomial in the degree and in the logarithm of the multiplicative height. We combine this work…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2019-02-12 Gareth Boxall , Gareth Jones , Harry Schmidt