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Emulating firmware of microcontrollers is challenging due to the lack of peripheral models. Existing work finds out how to respond to peripheral read operations by analyzing the target firmware. This is problematic because the firmware…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Wei Zhou , Lan Zhang , Le Guan , Peng Liu , Yuqing Zhang

Microcontroller units (MCUs) are widely used in embedded devices due to their low power consumption and cost-effectiveness. MCU firmware controls these devices and is vital to the security of embedded systems. However, performing dynamic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Chongqing Lei , Zhen Ling , Xiangyu Xu , Shaofeng Li , Guangchi Liu , Kai Dong , Junzhou Luo

The security of microcontrollers, which drive modern IoT and embedded devices, continues to raise major concerns. Within a microcontroller (MCU), the firmware is a monolithic piece of software that contains the whole software stack, whereas…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Bo Feng , Meng Luo , Changming Liu , Long Lu , Engin Kirda

In this paper we present MetaEmu, an architecture-agnostic emulator synthesizer geared towards rehosting and security analysis of automotive firmware. MetaEmu improves over existing rehosting environments in two ways: Firstly, it solves the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Zitai Chen , Sam L. Thomas , Flavio D. Garcia

The USB protocol has become ubiquitous, supporting devices from high-powered computing devices to small embedded devices and control systems. USB's greatest feature, its openness and expandability, is also its weakness, and attacks such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-08-19 Grant Hernandez , Farhaan Fowze , Dave Tian , Tuba Yavuz , Kevin R. B. Butler

Attackers willing to compromise computing systems can use malicious peripherals as an attack vector, threatening users that cannot verify the hardware's authenticity. To address this problem, our work uses the Security Protocol and Data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ágatha de Freitas , Marcos A. Simplicio , Bruno C. Albertini , Renan C. A. Alves

Dynamic testing or fuzzing of embedded firmware is severely limited by hardware-dependence and poor scalability, partly contributing to the widespread vulnerable IoT devices. We propose a software framework that continuously executes a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-09-27 Bo Feng , Alejandro Mera , Long Lu

Embedded devices are becoming more widespread, interconnected, and web-enabled than ever. However, recent studies showed that these devices are far from being secure. Moreover, many embedded systems rely on web interfaces for user…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-11-12 Andrei Costin , Apostolis Zarras , Aurélien Francillon

Embedded devices are omnipresent in modern networks including the ones operating inside critical environments. However, due to their constrained nature, novel mechanisms are required to provide external, and non-intrusive anomaly detection.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Kurt A. Vedros , Georgios Michail Makrakis , Constantinos Kolias , Robert C. Ivans , Craig Rieger

The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is a standardised interface between the firmware and the operating system used in all x86-based platforms over the past ten years. A side effect of the transition from conventional BIOS…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-11-22 Mikhail Krichanov , Vitaly Cheptsov

Analyzing the security of closed-source drivers and libraries in embedded systems holds significant importance, given their fundamental role in the supply chain. Unlike x86, embedded platforms lack comprehensive binary manipulating tools,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Shipei Qu , Xiaolin Zhang , Chi Zhang , Dawu Gu

Fuzzing is one of the most effective approaches to finding software flaws. However, applying it to microcontroller firmware incurs many challenges. For example, rehosting-based solutions cannot accurately model peripheral behaviors and thus…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-20 Wenqiang Li , Jiameng Shi , Fengjun Li , Jingqiang Lin , Wei Wang , Le Guan

Firmware refers to device read-only resident code which includes microcode and macro-instruction -level routines. For Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices without an operating system, firmware includes all the necessary instructions on how such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Solon Falas , Charalambos Konstantinou , Maria K. Michael

Semiconductor imaging and analysis are critical yet understudied in deep learning, limiting our ability for precise control and optimization in semiconductor manufacturing. We introduce a small-scale multimodal framework for analyzing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Sakhinana Sagar Srinivas , Chidaksh Ravuru , Geethan Sannidhi , Venkataramana Runkana

One of the biggest attack surfaces of embedded systems is their network interfaces, which enable communication with other devices. Unlike their general-purpose counterparts, embedded systems are designed for specialized use cases, resulting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Moritz Bley , Tobias Scharnowski , Simon Wörner , Moritz Schloegel , Thorsten Holz

Dynamic analysis based on the full-system emulator QEMU is widely used for various purposes. However, it is challenging to run firmware images of embedded devices in QEMU, especially the process to boot the Linux kernel (we call this…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-10-06 Muhui Jiang , Lin Ma , Yajin Zhou , Qiang Liu , Cen Zhang , Zhi Wang , Xiapu Luo , Lei Wu , Kui Ren

The massive trend toward embedded systems introduces new security threats to prevent. Malicious firmware makes it easier to launch cyberattacks against embedded systems. Systems infected with malicious firmware maintain the appearance of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Md Sadik Awal , Christopher Thompson , Md Tauhidur Rahman

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) allows computations over encrypted data. This technique makes privacy-preserving cloud computing a reality. Users can send their encrypted sensitive data to a cloud server, get encrypted results returned…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-12 Xiaoyang Gong , Dan Negrut

We present a unified deep learning framework for the recognition of user identity and the recognition of imagined actions, based on electroencephalography (EEG) signals, for application as a brain-computer interface. Our solution exploits a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Marco Buzzelli , Simone Bianco , Paolo Napoletano

Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) make use of intrinsic manufacturing variations in memory cells to derive device-unique responses. Employing such hardware-rooted fingerprints for authentication, this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Florian Lehn , Pascal Ahr , Hans D. Schotten
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