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The discovery of efficient magnetization switching activated by the spin Hall effect (SHE)-induced spin-orbit torque (SOT) changed the course of magnetic random-access memory (MRAM) research and development. However, for systems with…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2023-06-13 Chen-Yu Hu , Wei-De Chen , Yan-Ting Liu , Chao-Chun Huang , Chi-Feng Pai

Current-induced magnetization switching through spin-orbit torques (SOTs) is the fundamental building block of spin-orbitronics. The SOTs generally arise from the spin-orbit coupling of heavy metals. However, even in a heterostructure where…

Materials Science · Physics 2017-09-22 Hongyu An , Takeo Ohno , Yusuke Kanno , Yuito Kageyama , Yasuaki Monnai , Hideyuki Maki , Ji Shi , Kazuya Ando

The control of magnetization by electric current is a rapidly developing area motivated by a strong synergy between breakthrough basic research discoveries and industrial applications in the fields of magnetic recording, magnetic field…

Applied Physics · Physics 2018-09-05 Yucai Li , Kevin William Edmonds , Xionghua Liu , Houzhi Zheng , Kaiyou Wang

Writing magnetic bits by spin-orbit torques (SOTs) arising from spin Hall effect creates new possibilities for ultrafast and low-power magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM). For perpendicular MRAM, an extra in-plane field is required…

Applied Physics · Physics 2019-11-25 Yang Liu , Bing Zhou , Zhengkun Dai , Enbo Zhang , Jian-Gang Zhu

Current-induced spin-transfer torques (STT) and spin-orbit torques (SOT) enable the electrical switching of magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) in nonvolatile magnetic random access memories. In order to develop faster memory devices, an…

Spin-orbit torque (SOT) magnetization switching of ferromagnets with large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy has a great potential for the next-generation non-volatile magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM). It requires a…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2022-03-08 Tuo Fan , Nguyen Huynh Duy Khang , Soichiro Nakano , Pham Nam Hai

Magnetization reversal of a perpendicular ferromagnetic free layer by spin-orbit torque (SOT) is an attractive alternative to spin-transfer torque (STT) switching in magnetic random-access memory (MRAM) where the write process involves…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2015-11-19 Yong-Chang Lau , Davide Betto , Karsten Rode , JMD Coey , Plamen Stamenov

A device based on current-induced spin-orbit torque (SOT) that functions as an electronic neuron is proposed in this work. The SOT device implements an artificial neuron's thresholding (transfer) function. In the first step of a two-step…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2015-06-23 Abhronil Sengupta , Sri Harsha Choday , Yusung Kim , Kaushik Roy

Spin-orbit torque (SOT) is a candidate technique in next generation magnetic random-access memory (MRAM). Recently, experiments show that some material with low-symmetric crystalline or magnetic structures can generate anomalous SOT that…

Applied Physics · Physics 2023-08-09 TianYi Zhang , CaiHua Wan , XiuFeng Han

Nonvolatile devices based on the spin-orbit torque (SOT) mechanism are highly suitable for in-memory logic operations. The current objective is to enhance the memory density of memory cells while performing logic operations within the same…

Applied Physics · Physics 2024-08-20 Raghvendra Posti , Dhanajay Tiwari , Debangsu Roy

Electrically controllable non-volatile magnetic memories show great potential for the replacement of semiconductor-based technologies. Recently there has been strong interest in spin-orbit torque (SOT) induced magnetization reversal due to…

We propose a field-free switching mechanism that utilizes two spatially orthogonal spin-orbit torque (SOT) currents. Initially applied simultaneously, one of the currents is subsequently switched off. The superposition of these two currents…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2024-04-01 Dieter Suess , Claas Abert , Sebastian Zeilinger , Florian Bruckner , Sabri Koraltan

Spin Orbit Torque-Magnetic Random Access Memory (SOT-MRAM) is being developed as a successor to the Spin transfer torque MRAM (STT-MRAM) owing to its superior performance on the metrics of reliability and read-write speed. SOT switching of…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2025-10-31 Akanksha Chouhan , Heston A. Mendonca , Abhishek Erram , Ashwin A. Tulapurkar

Current-induced spin-orbit torques (SOTs) represent one of the most effective ways to manipulate the magnetization in spintronic devices. The orthogonal torque-magnetization geometry, the strong damping, and the large domain wall velocities…

Current-induced magnetization switching by spin-orbit torque (SOT) holds considerable promise for next generation ultralow-power memory and logic applications. In most cases, generation of spin-orbit torques has relied on an external…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2020-03-03 Yu Sheng , Yi Cao , Kevin William Edmonds , Yang Ji , Houzhi Zheng , Kaiyou Wang

Spin-orbit torque (SOT) magnetoresistance (MR) devices have attracted attention for use in next-generation MR devices. The SOT devices are known to exhibit different write properties based on the relative angle between the magnetization…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2021-01-11 Yohei Shiokawa , Eiji Komura , Yugo Ishitani , Atsushi Tsumita , Keita Suda , Kosuke Hamanaka , Tomohiro Taniguchi , Tomoyuki Sasaki

Spin-orbit torque (SOT) provides an efficient way to achieve charge-to-spin conversion and can switch perpendicular magnetization, which is essential for designing novel energy-efficient spintronic devices. An out-of-plane SOT could…

Materials Science · Physics 2023-01-02 Xiaomiao Yin , Lujun Wei , Pai Liu , Jiajv Yang , Pengchao Zhang , JinCheng Peng , Fei Huang , Ruobai Liu , Jun Du , Yong Pu

Since the discovery of the spin orbit torque (SOT) induced by spin Hall effect in heavy metals, much effort has been devoted to understanding the mechanism of the charge-to-spin conversion as well as to developing new schemes for high…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2022-04-15 Shengjie Shi , R. A. Buhrman

Spin-orbit torques (SOTs) have opened a new path to switch the magnetization in perpendicularly magnetized films and are of great interest due to their potential applications in novel data storage technology, such as the magnetic random…

Materials Science · Physics 2017-02-02 Pan He , Xuepeng Qiu , Vanessa L. Zhang , Yang Wu , Meng Hau Kuok , Hyunsoo Yang

Exploiting current-induced spin-orbit torques (SOTs) to manipulate the magnetic state of dipolar-coupled nanomagnet systems with in-plane magnetic anisotropy, such as artificial spin ices, provides a route to local,…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2026-01-26 A. Pac , G. M. Macauley , J. A. Brock , A. Hrabec , A. Kurenkov , V. Raposo , E. Martinez , L. J. Heyderman