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The uniform Kruskal theorem extends the original result for trees to general recursive data types. As shown by A. Freund, M. Rathjen and A. Weiermann, it is equivalent to $\Pi^1_1$-comprehension, over $\mathsf{RCA_0}$ with the chain…

Logic · Mathematics 2022-08-02 Anton Freund , Patrick Uftring

Many theorems of mathematics have the form that for a certain problem, e.g. a differential equation or polynomial (in)equality, there exists a solution. The sequential version then states that for a sequence of problems, there is a sequence…

Logic · Mathematics 2024-03-21 Dag Normann , Sam Sanders

Order dimension theory measures the complexity of partially ordered sets by quantifying how far they are from being linearly ordered. In this paper we study classical bounding results for order dimension within the framework of reverse…

Logic · Mathematics 2026-05-11 Alberto Marcone , Andrea Volpi

We study the degree spectra and reverse-mathematical applications of computably enumerable and co-computably enumerable partial orders. We formulate versions of the chain/antichain principle and ascending/descending sequence principle for…

Logic · Mathematics 2011-10-19 Peter A. Cholak , Damir D. Dzhafarov , Noah Schweber , Richard A. Shore

We continue the project of the study of reverse mathematics principles inspired by cardinal invariants. In this article in particular we focus on principles encapsulating the existence of large families of objects that are in some sense…

Logic · Mathematics 2026-02-04 David Belanger , Chi Tat Chong , Rupert Hölzl , Frank Stephan

The Robbins-Siegmund theorem establishes the convergence of stochastic processes that are almost supermartingales and is one of the most commonly used approaches for analyzing stochastic iterative algorithms in stochastic approximation and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Xinyu Liu , Zixuan Xie , Shangtong Zhang

We study the reverse mathematics of characterization theorems of regular countable second countable spaces (or $CSCS$ for short). We prove that arithmetic comprehension is equivalent over $\textbf{RCA}_0$ to every $T_3$ $CSCS$ being…

Logic · Mathematics 2024-10-30 Giorgio G. Genovesi

A new mathematical object called a skand is introduced, which turns out in general to be a non-well-founded set. Skands of finite lengths are ordinary well-founded sets, and skands of very long length (like the hyper-skand of all ordinals)…

Logic · Mathematics 2012-08-03 Ju. T. Lisica

We investigate Hindman- and Owings-type Ramsey-theoretic statements in Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory without the Axiom of Choice, with some occasional extra assumptions (such as the Axiom of Dependent Choice and/or the Axiom of Determinacy).…

A sequence $s_1,s_2,\ldots, s_k$ of elements of a group $G$ is called a valid ordering if the partial products $s_1, s_1 s_2, \ldots, s_1\cdots s_k$ are all distinct. A long-standing problem in combinatorial group theory asks whether, for a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-26 Benjamin Bedert , Matija Bucić , Noah Kravitz , Richard Montgomery , Alp Müyesser

Higman's lemma states that for any well partial order $X$, the partial order $X^*$ of finite sequences with members from $X$ is also well. By combining results due to Girard as well as Sch\"{u}tte and Simpson, one can show that Higman's…

Logic · Mathematics 2025-07-30 Patrick Uftring

We prove the first inverse theorem for point--sphere incidence bounds over finite fields in dimensions $d \ge 3$, showing that near-extremality forces algebraic rigidity. While sharp upper bounds have been known for over a decade, the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-12 Shalender Singh , Vishnu Priya Singh

We analyze Ekeland's variational principle in the context of reverse mathematics. We find that that the full variational principle is equivalent to $\Pi^1_1$-${\sf CA}_0$, a strong theory of second-order arithmetic, while natural…

Logic · Mathematics 2020-09-16 David Fernández-Duque , Paul Shafer , Keita Yokoyama

There is no infinite sequence of $\Pi^1_1$-sound extensions of $\mathsf{ACA}_0$ each of which proves $\Pi^1_1$-reflection of the next. This engenders a well-founded ``reflection ranking'' of $\Pi^1_1$-sound extensions of $\mathsf{ACA}_0$.…

Logic · Mathematics 2025-03-27 James Walsh

We show that when certain statements are provable in subsystems of constructive analysis using intuitionistic predicate calculus, related sequential statements are provable in weak classical subsystems. In particular, if a $\Pi^1_2$…

Logic · Mathematics 2012-01-25 Jeffry L. Hirst , Carl Mummert

In the paper, we describe all total orders $\succ$ compatible with addition on additive subsemigroup $S$ of finite dimensional spaces over rational numbers. We provide a necessary and sufficient condition under which a finitely generated…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2022-10-25 Askold Khovanskii

We study saturated packings produced according to random sequential adsorption (RSA) protocol built of identical rectangles deposited on a flat, continuous plane. An aspect ratio of rectangles is defined as the length-to-width ratio,…

Materials Science · Physics 2023-12-01 Luca Petrone , Nikolai Lebovka , Michał Cieśla

Rice's theorem shows that nontrivial extensional properties of partial recursive functions are undecidable. For finite weighted Boolean optimization/CSP-style slices, a Rice-style structural analogue holds for tractability classification:…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Tristan Simas

In recent years, there has been a substantial amount of work in reverse mathematics concerning natural mathematical principles that are provable from $\RT$, Ramsey's Theorem for Pairs. These principles tend to fall outside of the "big five"…

Logic · Mathematics 2013-02-05 Manuel Lerman , Reed Solomon , Henry Towsner

Inspired by a recent novel work of Good and Meddaugh, we establish fundamental connections between shadowing, finite order shifts, and ultrametric complete spaces. We develop a theory of shifts of finite type for infinite alphabets. We call…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2020-12-29 Udayan B. Darji , Daniel Gonçalves , Marcelo Sobottka