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Instrumental variable regression is a foundational tool for causal analysis across the social and biomedical sciences. Recent advances use kernel methods to estimate nonparametric causal relationships, with general data types, while…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-01-21 Marvin Lob , Rahul Singh , Suhas Vijaykumar

This paper proposes nonparametric kernel-smoothing estimation for panel data to examine the degree of heterogeneity across cross-sectional units. We first estimate the sample mean, autocovariances, and autocorrelations for each unit and…

Econometrics · Economics 2019-05-28 Ryo Okui , Takahide Yanagi

The effort invested in a software project is probably one of the most important and most analyzed variables in recent years in the process of project management. The limitation of algorithmic effort prediction models is their inability to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2013-10-22 Sumeet Kaur Sehra , Yadwinder Singh Brar , Navdeep Kaur

Kernel density estimation is a widely used nonparametric approach to estimate an unknown distribution. Recent work in Bayesian predictive inference has considered stochastic processes formed by specifying the predictive distribution for the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-15 Torey Hilbert

Time-series imputation benchmarks employ uniform random masking and shape-agnostic metrics (MSE, RMSE), implicitly weighting evaluation by regime prevalence. In systems with a dominant attractor -- homeostatic physiology, nominal industrial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Amirreza Dolatpour Fathkouhi , Alireza Namazi , Heman Shakeri

In this article, basing on NQD samples, we investigate the fixed design nonparametric regression model, where the errors are pairwise NQD random errors, with fixed design points, and an unknown function. Nonparametric weighted estimator…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2013-12-04 Jian-hua Shi , Xiao-ping Chen , Yong Zhou

In many environmental applications involving spatially-referenced data, limitations on the number and locations of observations motivate the need for practical and efficient models for spatial interpolation, or kriging. A key component of…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-09-15 Mark D. Risser , Catherine A. Calder

Most machine learning models operate under the assumption that the training, testing and deployment data is independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.). This assumption doesn't generally hold true in a natural setting. Usually, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Kumud Lakara , Akshat Bhandari , Pratinav Seth , Ujjwal Verma

Heteroscedasticity is common in real world applications and is often handled by incorporating case weights into a modeling procedure. Intuitively, models fitted with different weight schemes would have a different level of complexity…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-04-15 Bo Luan , Yoonkyung Lee , Yunzhang Zhu

Wearable physiological signals exhibit strong nonlinear and subject-dependent behavior, challenging traditional linear models. This study provides a unified evaluation of cognitive load, stress, and physical exercise recognition using three…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-09 Khondakar Ashik Shahriar

According to a study of The Standish Group International, 44% of software projects cost more and last longer than expected. More accurate the effort estimation is; the better the enterprise gets organized and the more the software project…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-09-03 S Laqrichi , Didier Gourc , François Marmier

Weakly stationary Gaussian processes (GPs) are the principal tool in the statistical approaches to the design and analysis of computer experiments (or Uncertainty Quantification). Such processes are fitted to computer model output using a…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-02-28 Victoria Volodina , Daniel B. Williamson

The problem of error density estimation for a functional single index model with dependent errors is studied. A Bayesian method is utilized to simultaneously estimate the bandwidths in the kernel-form error density and regression function,…

Applications · Statistics 2018-10-23 Han Lin Shang

Development effort is an undeniable part of the project management which considerably influences the success of project. Inaccurate and unreliable estimation of effort can easily lead to the failure of project. Due to the special…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2012-09-13 Elham Khatibi , Roliana Ibrahim

Machine learning models can represent climate processes that are nonlocal in horizontal space, height, and time, often by combining information across these dimensions in highly nonlinear ways. While this can improve predictive skill, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Savannah L. Ferretti , Jerry Lin , Sara Shamekh , Jane W. Baldwin , Michael S. Pritchard , Tom Beucler

Accurate software effort estimation has been a challenge for many software practitioners and project managers. Underestimation leads to disruption in the projects estimated cost and delivery. On the other hand, overestimation causes…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-08-31 Ali Bou Nassif , Mohammad Azzeh , Luiz Fernando Capretz , Danny Ho

Complex models are often used to understand interactions and drivers of human-induced and/or natural phenomena. It is worth identifying the input variables that drive the model output(s) in a given domain and/or govern specific model…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-07 Matieyendou Lamboni

Context: In addressing how best to estimate how much effort is required to develop software, a recent study found that using exemplary and recently completed projects [forming Bellwether moving windows (BMW)] in software effort prediction…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Solomon Mensah , Jacky Keung , Stephen G. MacDonell , Michael Franklin Bosu , Kwabena Ebo Bennin

Software effort estimation (SEE) is a core activity in all software processes and development lifecycles. A range of increasingly complex methods has been considered in the past 30 years for the prediction of effort, often with mixed and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-02-08 Peter A. Whigham , Caitlin A. Owen , Stephen G. MacDonell

Compared to nonparametric estimators in the multivariate setting, kernel estimators for functional data models have a larger order of bias. This is problematic for constructing confidence regions or statistical tests since the bias might…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-11-21 Melanie Birke , Tim Greger