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Unbiased assessment of the predictivity of models learnt by supervised machine-learning methods requires knowledge of the learned function over a reserved test set (not used by the learning algorithm). The quality of the assessment depends,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-07-11 Elias Fekhari , Bertrand Iooss , Joseph Muré , Luc Pronzato , Maria-João Rendas

Background. Effort-aware metrics (EAMs) are widely used to evaluate the effectiveness of software defect prediction models, while accounting for the effort needed to analyze the software modules that are estimated defective. The usual…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Luigi Lavazza , Gabriele Rotoloni , Sandro Morasca

Software testing is one of the important ways to ensure the quality of software. It is found that testing cost more than 50% of overall project cost. Effective and efficient software testing utilizes the minimum resources of software.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Ali Nawaz , Attique Ur Rehman , Muhammad Abbas

Data is a cornerstone of empirical software engineering (ESE) research and practice. Data underpin numerous process and project management activities, including the estimation of development effort and the prediction of the likely location…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Michael F. Bosu , Stephen G. MacDonell

Estimating effort based on requirement texts presents many challenges, especially in obtaining viable features to infer effort. Aiming to explore a more effective technique for representing textual requirements to infer effort estimates by…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-07-01 Eliane M. De Bortoli Fávero , Dalcimar Casanova , Andrey Ricardo Pimentel

The rapid growth and distribution of IT systems increases their complexity and aggravates operation and maintenance. To sustain control over large sets of hosts and the connecting networks, monitoring solutions are employed and constantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Alexander Acker , Thorsten Wittkopp , Sasho Nedelkoski , Jasmin Bogatinovski , Odej Kao

Software effort estimation is a critical part of software engineering. Although many techniques and algorithmic models have been developed and implemented by practitioners, accurate software effort prediction is still a challenging…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-08-04 Wei Lin Du , Danny Ho , Luiz Fernando Capretz

Stationary Random Functions have been successfully applied in geostatistical applications for decades. In some instances, the assumption of a homogeneous spatial dependence structure across the entire domain of interest is unrealistic. A…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-12-04 Francky Fouedjio , Nicolas Desassis , Thomas Romary

Improvement of statistical learning models in order to increase efficiency in solving classification or regression problems is still a goal pursued by the scientific community. In this way, the support vector machine model is one of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-11-22 Anderson Ara , Mateus Maia , Samuel Macêdo , Francisco Louzada

Early software effort estimation is a hallmark of successful software project management. Building a reliable effort estimation model usually requires historical data. Unfortunately, since the information available at early stages of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-03-20 Mohammad Azzeh , Ali Bou Nassif

Most machine learning techniques are based upon statistical learning theory, often simplified for the sake of computing speed. This paper is focused on the uncertainty aspect of mathematical modeling in machine learning. Regression analysis…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Valentin Arkov

In supervised learning, the output variable to be predicted is often represented as a function, such as a spectrum or probability distribution. Despite its importance, functional output regression remains relatively unexplored. In this…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-19 Minoru Kusaba , Megumi Iwayama , Ryo Yoshida

This article provides convergence analysis of online stochastic gradient descent algorithms for functional linear models. Adopting the characterizations of the slope function regularity, the kernel space capacity, and the capacity of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-09-27 Xin Guo , Zheng-Chu Guo , Lei Shi

Estimating the effort of software systems is an essential topic in software engineering, carrying out an estimation process reliably and accurately for a software forms a vital part of the software development phases. Many researchers have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-05-03 Najla Akram , AL-Saati , Taghreed Riyadh Alreffaee

Recent work has focused on the problem of nonparametric estimation of information divergence functionals. Many existing approaches are restrictive in their assumptions on the density support set or require difficult calculations at the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-07-30 Kevin R. Moon , Kumar Sricharan , Kristjan Greenewald , Alfred O. Hero

Building spatial process models that capture nonstationary behavior while delivering computationally efficient inference is challenging. Nonstationary spatially varying kernels (see, e.g., Paciorek, 2003) offer flexibility and richness, but…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-01 Sébastien Coube-Sisqueille , Sudipto Banerjee , Benoît Liquet

Context: Expert judgement is a common method for software effort estimations in practice today. Estimators are often shown extra obsolete requirements together with the real ones to be implemented. Only one previous study has been conducted…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Lucas Gren , Richard Berntsson Svensson

One central theme in machine learning is function estimation from sparse and noisy data. An example is supervised learning where the elements of the training set are couples, each containing an input location and an output response. In the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Alberto Giaretta , Mauro Bisiacco , Gianluigi Pillonetto

Estimating the innovation probability density is an important issue in any regression analysis. This paper focuses on functional autoregressive models. A residual-based kernel estimator is proposed for the innovation density. Asymptotic…

Methodology · Statistics 2010-05-07 Nadine Hilgert , Bruno Portier

Machine learning models are often evaluated using point estimates of performance metrics such as accuracy, F1 score, or mean squared error. Such summaries fail to capture the inherent variability induced by stochastic elements of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Christoph Lehmann , Yahor Paromau