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Machine Learning (ML) has replaced traditional handcrafted methods for perception and prediction in autonomous vehicles. Yet for the equally important planning task, the adoption of ML-based techniques is slow. We present nuPlan, the…

Real-world autonomous driving systems must make safe decisions in the face of rare and diverse traffic scenarios. Current state-of-the-art planners are mostly evaluated on real-world datasets like nuScenes (open-loop) or nuPlan…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Marcel Hallgarten , Julian Zapata , Martin Stoll , Katrin Renz , Andreas Zell

Recent advances in closed-loop planning benchmarks have significantly improved the evaluation of autonomous vehicles. However, existing benchmarks still rely on rule-based reactive agents such as the Intelligent Driver Model (IDM), which…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Mingxing Peng , Ruoyu Yao , Xusen Guo , Jun Ma

The release of nuPlan marks a new era in vehicle motion planning research, offering the first large-scale real-world dataset and evaluation schemes requiring both precise short-term planning and long-horizon ego-forecasting. Existing…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Daniel Dauner , Marcel Hallgarten , Andreas Geiger , Kashyap Chitta

Motion planning is crucial for safe navigation in complex urban environments. Historically, motion planners (MPs) have been evaluated with procedurally-generated simulators like CARLA. However, such synthetic benchmarks do not capture…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Arun Balajee Vasudevan , Neehar Peri , Jeff Schneider , Deva Ramanan

In recent years, the integration of prediction and planning through neural networks has received substantial attention. Despite extensive studies on it, there is a noticeable gap in understanding the operation of such models within a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Jiayu Guo , Mingyue Feng , Pengfei Zhu , Chengjun Li , Jian Pu

Modern autonomous driving systems are typically divided into three main tasks: perception, prediction, and planning. The planning task involves predicting the trajectory of the ego vehicle based on inputs from both internal intention and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Jiang-Tian Zhai , Ze Feng , Jinhao Du , Yongqiang Mao , Jiang-Jiang Liu , Zichang Tan , Yifu Zhang , Xiaoqing Ye , Jingdong Wang

Fueled by motion prediction competitions and benchmarks, recent years have seen the emergence of increasingly large learning based prediction models, many with millions of parameters, focused on improving open-loop prediction accuracy by…

Motion planning in complex scenarios is a core challenge in autonomous driving. Conventional methods apply predefined rules or learn from driving data to generate trajectories, while recent approaches leverage large language models (LLMs)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Kanishkha Jaisankar , Sunidhi Tandel

In this paper we present the first safe system for full control of self-driving vehicles trained from human demonstrations and deployed in challenging, real-world, urban environments. Current industry-standard solutions use rule-based…

In recent years, imitation-based driving planners have reported considerable success. However, due to the absence of a standardized benchmark, the effectiveness of various designs remains unclear. The newly released nuPlan addresses this…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Jie Cheng , Yingbing Chen , Xiaodong Mei , Bowen Yang , Bo Li , Ming Liu

While the capabilities of autonomous driving have advanced rapidly, merging into dense traffic remains a significant challenge, many motion planning methods for this scenario have been proposed but it is hard to evaluate them. Most existing…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Zhengming Wang , Junli Wang , Pengfei Li , Zhaohan Li , Chunyang Liu , Bo Zhang , Peng Li , Yilun Chen

Planning smooth and energy-efficient motions for wheeled mobile robots is a central task for applications ranging from autonomous driving to service and intralogistic robotics. Over the past decades, a wide variety of motion planners, steer…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-03-10 Eric Heiden , Luigi Palmieri , Kai O. Arras , Gaurav S. Sukhatme , Sven Koenig

Although planning is a crucial component of the autonomous driving stack, researchers have yet to develop robust planning algorithms that are capable of safely handling the diverse range of possible driving scenarios. Learning-based…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-02 S P Sharan , Francesco Pittaluga , Vijay Kumar B G , Manmohan Chandraker

With the release of open source datasets such as nuPlan and Argoverse, the research around learning-based planners has spread a lot in the last years. Existing systems have shown excellent capabilities in imitating the human driver…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Cristian Gariboldi , Matteo Corno , Beng Jin

Autonomous driving remains a highly active research domain that seeks to enable vehicles to perceive dynamic environments, predict the future trajectories of traffic agents such as vehicles, pedestrians, and cyclists and plan safe and…

Planner evaluation in closed-loop simulation often uses rule-based traffic agents, whose simplistic and passive behavior can hide planner deficiencies and bias rankings. Widely used IDM agents simply follow a lead vehicle and cannot react…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Steffen Hagedorn , Luka Donkov , Aron Distelzweig , Alexandru P. Condurache

Due to the powerful vision-language reasoning and generalization abilities, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have garnered significant attention in the field of end-to-end (E2E) autonomous driving. However, their application to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Xueyi Liu , Zuodong Zhong , Yuxin Guo , Yun-Fu Liu , Zhiguo Su , Qichao Zhang , Junli Wang , Yinfeng Gao , Yupeng Zheng , Qiao Lin , Huiyong Chen , Dongbin Zhao

Human-level autonomous driving is an ever-elusive goal, with planning and decision making -- the cognitive functions that determine driving behavior -- posing the greatest challenge. Despite a proliferation of promising approaches, progress…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Marc Heim , Francisco Suarez-Ruiz , Ishraq Bhuiyan , Bruno Brito , Momchil S. Tomov

Recent advances in autonomous driving research towards motion planners that are robust, safe, and adaptive. However, existing rule-based and data-driven planners lack adaptability to long-tail scenarios, while knowledge-driven methods offer…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Huaiyuan Yao , Pengfei Li , Bu Jin , Yupeng Zheng , An Liu , Lisen Mu , Qing Su , Qian Zhang , Yilun Chen , Peng Li
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