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We introduce a novel system of matching and scoring players in tournaments, called Multi-Tier Tournaments, illustrated by chess and based on the following rules: 1. Players are divided into skill-based tiers, based on their Elo ratings. 2.…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2024-07-22 Steven J. Brams , Mehmet S. Ismail

We propose a player rating mechanism for Counter-Strike: Global Offensive (CS ), a popular e-sport, by analyzing players' Plus/Minus values. The Plus/Minus value represents the average point difference between a player's team and the…

Applications · Statistics 2024-09-10 Hongyu Xu , Sarat Moka

The Elo algorithm, renowned for its simplicity, is widely used for rating in sports tournaments and other applications. However, despite its widespread use, a detailed understanding of the convergence characteristics of the Elo algorithm is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Daniel Gomes de Pinho Zanco , Leszek Szczecinski , Eduardo Vinicius Kuhn , Rui Seara

This paper investigates the evaluation of learned multiagent strategies in the incomplete information setting, which plays a critical role in ranking and training of agents. Traditionally, researchers have relied on Elo ratings for this…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2020-01-13 Mark Rowland , Shayegan Omidshafiei , Karl Tuyls , Julien Perolat , Michal Valko , Georgios Piliouras , Remi Munos

Real-world competitive games, such as chess, go, or StarCraft II, rely on Elo models to measure the strength of their players. Since these games are not fully transitive, using Elo implicitly assumes they have a strong transitive component…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Quentin Bertrand , Wojciech Marian Czarnecki , Gauthier Gidel

League of Legends (LoL) has been a dominant esport for a decade, yet the inherent complexity of the game has stymied the creation of analytical measures of player skill and performance. Current industry standards are limited to…

Applications · Statistics 2024-05-07 Amy X. Zhang , Parth Naidu

Deciding which large language model (LLM) to use is a complex challenge. Pairwise ranking has emerged as a new method for evaluating human preferences for LLMs. This approach entails humans evaluating pairs of model outputs based on a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Roland Daynauth , Christopher Clarke , Krisztian Flautner , Lingjia Tang , Jason Mars

This work is concerned with the rating of players/teams in face-to-face games with three possible outcomes: loss, win, and draw. This is one of the fundamental problems in sport analytics, where the very simple and popular, non-trivial…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-10-15 Leszek Szczecinski , Aymen Djebbi

Game theory has been increasingly applied in settings where the game is not known outright, but has to be estimated by sampling. For example, meta-games that arise in multi-agent evaluation can only be accessed by running a succession of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-01-25 Tabish Rashid , Cheng Zhang , Kamil Ciosek

The Elo system for rating chess players, also used in other games and sports, was adopted by the World Chess Federation over four decades ago. Although not without controversy, it is accepted as generally reliable and provides a method for…

Physics and Society · Physics 2011-03-31 Trevor Fenner , Mark Levene , George Loizou

This paper presents a data-driven statistical framework to quantify the role of skill in games, addressing the long-standing question of whether success in a game is predominantly driven by skill or chance. We analyze player level data from…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Tathagata Banerjee , Anushka De , Subhamoy Maitra , Diganta Mukherjee

Online fantasy cricket has emerged as large-scale competitive systems in which participants construct virtual teams and compete based on real-world player performances. This massive growth has been accompanied by important questions about…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Sarthak Sarkar , Supratim Das , Purushottam Saha , Diganta Mukherjee , Tridib Mukherjee

In this paper, I formalize intelligence measurement in games by introducing mechanisms that assign a real number -- interpreted as an intelligence score -- to each player in a game. This score quantifies the ex-post strategic ability of the…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-10-28 Mehmet Mars Seven

Multiplayer online battle arena games provide an excellent opportunity to study team performance. When designing a team, players must negotiate a \textit{proficiency-congruency dilemma} between selecting roles that best match their…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2015-12-29 Jooyeon Kim , Brian C. Keegan , Sungjoon Park , Alice Oh

As large language models (LLMs) continue to advance, accurately and comprehensively evaluating their performance becomes increasingly challenging. Ranking the relative performance of LLMs based on Elo ratings, according to human judgment,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Minghao Wu , Alham Fikri Aji

In fantasy sports, strategic thinking-not mere luck-often defines who wins and who falls short. As fantasy cricket grows in popularity across India, understanding whether success stems from skill or chance has become both an analytical and…

Applications · Statistics 2025-12-23 Supratim Das , Sarthak Sarkar , Subhamoy Maitra , Tridib Mukherjee

Traditional tennis rating systems (e.g., Elo) summarize overall player strength but do not isolate the independent value of serving. Using point-by-point data from Wimbledon and the U.S.\ Open, we develop serve-specific player metrics that…

Applications · Statistics 2026-04-03 Aiwen Li , Amrita Balajee , Harry Wieand , Jonathan Pipping-Gamón

Character diversity in competitive games, while enriching gameplay, often introduces balance challenges that can negatively impact player experience and strategic depth. Traditional balance assessments rely on aggregate metrics like win…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Haokun Zhou

The outputs of win probability models are often used to evaluate player actions. However, in some sports, such as the popular esport Counter-Strike, there exist important team-level decisions. For example, at the beginning of each round in…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Peter Xenopoulos , Bruno Coelho , Claudio Silva

Rule learning approaches for knowledge graph completion are efficient, interpretable and competitive to purely neural models. The rule aggregation problem is concerned with finding one plausibility score for a candidate fact which was…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Patrick Betz , Stefan Lüdtke , Christian Meilicke , Heiner Stuckenschmidt