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In Natural Language Processing (NLP), the Elo rating system, originally designed for ranking players in dynamic games such as chess, is increasingly being used to evaluate Large Language Models (LLMs) through "A vs B" paired comparisons.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Meriem Boubdir , Edward Kim , Beyza Ermis , Sara Hooker , Marzieh Fadaee

The Elo rating system is a simple and widely used method for calculating players' skills from paired comparisons data. Many have extended it in various ways. Yet the question of updating players' variances remains to be further explored. In…

Applications · Statistics 2023-10-17 Hsuan-Fu Hua , Ching-Ju Chang , Tse-Ching Lin , Ruby Chiu-Hsing Weng

The Elo rating system, which was originally proposed by Arpad Elo for chess, has become one of the most important rating systems in sports, economics and gaming nowadays. Its original formulation is based on two-player zero-sum games, but…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-04-12 Düring Bertram , Fischer Michael , Wolfram Marie-Therese

Rating strategies in a game is an important area of research in game theory and artificial intelligence, and can be applied to any real-world competitive or cooperative setting. Traditionally, only transitive dependencies between strategies…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Luke Marris , Marc Lanctot , Ian Gemp , Shayegan Omidshafiei , Stephen McAleer , Jerome Connor , Karl Tuyls , Thore Graepel

Benchmarking is a fundamental practice in machine learning (ML) for comparing the performance of classification algorithms. However, traditional evaluation methods often overlook a critical aspect: the joint consideration of dataset…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Lucas Cardoso , Vitor Santos , José Ribeiro , Regiane Kawasaki , Ricardo Prudêncio , Ronnie Alves

This paper presents an Elo-based rating system for programming contests, specifically Topcoder's Single Round Matches (SRMs). We introduce a logarithmic rank-based performance metric that allows single-round, multi-player contest results to…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Fred Batty

Competitive online games use rating systems to match players with similar skills to ensure a satisfying experience for players. In this paper, we focus on the importance of addressing different aspects of playing behavior when modeling…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Arman Dehpanah , Muheeb Faizan Ghori , Jonathan Gemmell , Bamshad Mobasher

Accurately estimating human skill levels is crucial for designing effective human-AI interactions so that AI can provide appropriate challenges or guidance. In games where AI players have beaten top human professionals, strength estimation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Kyota Kuboki , Tatsuyoshi Ogawa , Chu-Hsuan Hsueh , Shi-Jim Yen , Kokolo Ikeda

Many environments assign several Elo ratings to the same agent: a chess player has classical, rapid, and blitz ratings; an online platform may rate by time control, mode, or format; an evaluator may rate performance across tasks or roles.…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2026-05-12 Mehmet Mars Seven

In competitive games, strength ratings like Elo are widely used to quantify player skill and support matchmaking by accounting for skill disparities better than simple win rate statistics. However, scalar ratings cannot handle complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Chiu-Chou Lin , I-Chen Wu

In this work we develop a new algorithm for rating of teams (or players) in one-on-one games by exploiting the observed difference of the game-points (such as goals), also known as a margin of victory (MOV). Our objective is to obtain the…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-02-09 Leszek Szczecinski

This paper introduces a score-driven rating system, a generalization of the classical Elo rating system that employs the score, i.e. the gradient of the log-likelihood, as the updating mechanism for player and team ratings. The proposed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Vladimír Holý , Michal Černý

This article discusses in detail the rating system that won the kaggle competition "Chess Ratings: Elo vs the rest of the world". The competition provided a historical dataset of outcomes for chess games, and aimed to discover whether novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-03-17 Yannis Sismanis

Competitive online games use rating systems for matchmaking; progression-based algorithms that estimate the skill level of players with interpretable ratings in terms of the outcome of the games they played. However, the overall experience…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Arman Dehpanah , Muheeb Faizan Ghori , Jonathan Gemmell , Bamshad Mobasher

Elo rating, widely used for skill assessment across diverse domains ranging from competitive games to large language models, is often understood as an incremental update algorithm for estimating a stationary Bradley-Terry (BT) model.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Shange Tang , Yuanhao Wang , Chi Jin

We explore a new way to evaluate generative models using insights from evaluation of competitive games between human players. We show experimentally that tournaments between generators and discriminators provide an effective way to evaluate…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-08-16 Catherine Olsson , Surya Bhupatiraju , Tom Brown , Augustus Odena , Ian Goodfellow

ICC's current ranking system does not adequately account for key contextual factors such as home advantage, toss impact and scheduling imbalances; leading to inconsistencies in team evaluation in Test cricket. This study develops an…

Applications · Statistics 2026-03-04 Rhitankar Bandyopadhyay , Diganta Mukherjee

As intelligent agents become more generally-capable, i.e. able to master a wide variety of tasks, the complexity and cost of properly evaluating them rises significantly. Tasks that assess specific capabilities of the agents can be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Marc Lanctot , Kate Larson , Ian Gemp , Michael Kaisers

In this paper, we study the problem of learning the skill distribution of a population of agents from observations of pairwise games in a tournament. These games are played among randomly drawn agents from the population. The agents in our…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-06-16 Ali Jadbabaie , Anuran Makur , Devavrat Shah

We summarise popular methods used for skill rating in competitive sports, along with their inferential paradigms and introduce new approaches based on sequential Monte Carlo and discrete hidden Markov models. We advocate for a state-space…

Applications · Statistics 2024-08-20 Samuel Duffield , Samuel Power , Lorenzo Rimella