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Multilingual sentence encoders are widely used to transfer NLP models across languages. The success of this transfer is, however, dependent on the model's ability to encode the patterns of cross-lingual similarity and variation. Yet, little…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Rochelle Choenni , Ekaterina Shutova

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across diverse languages. This study explores how LLMs handle multilingualism. Based on observed language ratio shifts among layers and the relationships between network…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Yiran Zhao , Wenxuan Zhang , Guizhen Chen , Kenji Kawaguchi , Lidong Bing

Large language models have transformed AI-assisted software engineering, but current research remains biased toward high-resource languages such as Python, with weaker performance in languages like Rust and OCaml. Since real-world systems…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Chao Jiang , Dugang Liu , Cheng Wen , Zhiwu Xu , Hua Zheng , Muhammad Sadiq , Jawwad Ahmed Shamsi , Shengchao Qin , Zhong Ming

This paper argues that contemporary multilingual NLP has converged on a fragile and misleading paradigm of incidental multilingualism. Today's LLMs appear multilingual largely because they are trained on massive, uneven web corpora, not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Anjishnu Mukherjee , Chutong Meng , Antonios Anastasopoulos

Code-mixing and code-switching (CSW) remain challenging phenomena for large language models (LLMs). Despite recent advances in multilingual modeling, LLMs often struggle in mixed-language settings, exhibiting systematic degradation in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Himanshu Gupta , Pratik Jayarao , Chaitanya Dwivedi , Neeraj Varshney

Code-Mixing is a phenomenon of mixing two or more languages in a speech event and is prevalent in multilingual societies. Given the low-resource nature of Code-Mixing, machine generation of code-mixed text is a prevalent approach for data…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Prashant Kodali , Tanmay Sachan , Akshay Goindani , Anmol Goel , Naman Ahuja , Manish Shrivastava , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru

Recent years have seen many breakthroughs in natural language processing (NLP), transitioning it from a mostly theoretical field to one with many real-world applications. Noting the rising number of applications of other machine learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-19 Zhijing Jin , Geeticka Chauhan , Brian Tse , Mrinmaya Sachan , Rada Mihalcea

Mainstream Natural Language Processing (NLP) research has ignored the majority of the world's languages. In moving from excluding the majority of the world's languages to blindly adopting what we make for English, we first risk importing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Hellina Hailu Nigatu , Zeerak Talat

Multilinguality is gradually becoming ubiquitous in the sense that more and more researchers have successfully shown that using additional languages help improve the results in many Natural Language Processing tasks. Multilingual Multiway…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-02-15 Raj Dabre , Sadao Kurohashi

Pretrained multilingual models exhibit the same social bias as models processing English texts. This systematic review analyzes emerging research that extends bias evaluation and mitigation approaches into multilingual and non-English…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Lance Calvin Lim Gamboa , Yue Feng , Mark Lee

Code-switching refers to the usage of two languages within a sentence or discourse. It is a global phenomenon among multilingual communities and has emerged as an independent area of research. With the increasing demand for the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-02 Ganji Sreeram , Kunal Dhawan , Rohit Sinha

Recent strides in Large Language Models (LLMs) have saturated many Natural Language Processing (NLP) benchmarks, emphasizing the need for more challenging ones to properly assess LLM capabilities. However, domain-specific and multilingual…

The NLP community recently saw the release of a new large open-access multilingual language model, BLOOM (BigScience et al., 2022) covering 46 languages. We focus on BLOOM's multilingual ability by evaluating its machine translation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Rachel Bawden , François Yvon

Code-switching (CS) is a widespread phenomenon among bilingual and multilingual societies. The lack of CS resources hinders the performance of many NLP tasks. In this work, we explore the potential use of bilingual word embeddings for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-25 Injy Hamed , Moritz Zhu , Mohamed Elmahdy , Slim Abdennadher , Ngoc Thang Vu

Multilingual language models have shown decent performance in multilingual and cross-lingual natural language understanding tasks. However, the power of these multilingual models in code-switching tasks has not been fully explored. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Genta Indra Winata , Samuel Cahyawijaya , Zihan Liu , Zhaojiang Lin , Andrea Madotto , Pascale Fung

With a sharp rise in fluency and users of "Hinglish" in linguistically diverse country, India, it has increasingly become important to analyze social content written in this language in platforms such as Twitter, Reddit, Facebook. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Vivek Kumar Gupta

Social media platforms like twitter and facebook have be- come two of the largest mediums used by people to express their views to- wards different topics. Generation of such large user data has made NLP tasks like sentiment analysis and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-31 Sahil Swami , Ankush Khandelwal , Vinay Singh , Syed Sarfaraz Akhtar , Manish Shrivastava

Multilingual language models (LMs) promise broader NLP access, yet current systems deliver uneven performance across the world's languages. This survey examines why these gaps persist and whether they reflect intrinsic linguistic difficulty…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Chen Shani , Yuval Reif , Nathan Roll , Dan Jurafsky , Ekaterina Shutova

The exponential increase in the use of the Internet and social media over the last two decades has changed human interaction. This has led to many positive outcomes, but at the same time it has brought risks and harms. While the volume of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-23 Neeraj Vashistha , Arkaitz Zubiaga , Shanky Sharma

Pretrained language models (PLMs) display impressive performances and have captured the attention of the NLP community. Establishing best practices in pretraining has, therefore, become a major focus of NLP research, especially since…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Zihao Li , Shaoxiong Ji , Timothee Mickus , Vincent Segonne , Jörg Tiedemann