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Training large language models (LLMs) for reasoning via maths and code datasets has become a major new focus in LLM post-training. Two particularly popular approaches are reinforcement learning (RL) and supervised fine-tuning (SFT), but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Neel Rajani , Aryo Pradipta Gema , Seraphina Goldfarb-Tarrant , Ivan Titov

In this work, we perform a wide variety of experiments with different deep learning architectures on datasets of limited size. According to our study, we show that model complexity is a critical factor when only a few samples per class are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-27 L. Brigato , L. Iocchi

The ability for policies to generalize to new environments is key to the broad application of RL agents. A promising approach to prevent an agent's policy from overfitting to a limited set of training environments is to apply regularization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-30 Maximilian Igl , Kamil Ciosek , Yingzhen Li , Sebastian Tschiatschek , Cheng Zhang , Sam Devlin , Katja Hofmann

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have begun to thrive in the field of automation systems, owing to the recent advancements in standardising various aspects such as architecture, optimization techniques, and regularization. In this paper, we take…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-10 Anand Krishnamoorthy Subramanian , Nak Young Chong

When Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents are deployed in practice, they might impact their environment and change its dynamics. We propose a new framework to model this phenomenon, where the current environment depends on the deployed policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Ben Rank , Stelios Triantafyllou , Debmalya Mandal , Goran Radanovic

Recent advancements in off-policy Reinforcement Learning (RL) have significantly improved sample efficiency, primarily due to the incorporation of various forms of regularization that enable more gradient update steps than traditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Michal Nauman , Michał Bortkiewicz , Piotr Miłoś , Tomasz Trzciński , Mateusz Ostaszewski , Marek Cygan

Supervised neural networks, which first map an input $x$ to a single representation $z$, and then map $z$ to the output label $y$, have achieved remarkable success in a wide range of natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Despite their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Jiawei Wu , Xiaoya Li , Xiang Ao , Yuxian Meng , Fei Wu , Jiwei Li

While increasingly large models have revolutionized much of the machine learning landscape, training even mid-sized networks for Reinforcement Learning (RL) is still proving to be a struggle. This, however, severely limits the complexity of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Lukas Fehring , Marius Lindauer , Theresa Eimer

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across diverse domains. However, effectively leveraging their vast knowledge for training smaller downstream models remains an open challenge, especially in domains like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Davor Vukadin , Marin Šilić , Goran Delač

In representation learning (RL), how to make the learned representations easy to interpret and less overfitted to training data are two important but challenging issues. To address these problems, we study a new type of regulariza- tion…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-28 Pengtao Xie , Hongbao Zhang , Eric P. Xing

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a fundamental framework for sequential decision-making, in which an agent learns an optimal policy through interactions with an unknown environment. In settings with function approximation, many existing RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Ruiquan Huang , Donghao Li , Yingbin Liang , Jing Yang

Effectively scaling up deep reinforcement learning models has proven notoriously difficult due to network pathologies during training, motivating various targeted interventions such as periodic reset and architectural advances such as layer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Guozheng Ma , Lu Li , Zilin Wang , Li Shen , Pierre-Luc Bacon , Dacheng Tao

We apply reinforcement learning (RL) to robotics tasks. One of the drawbacks of traditional RL algorithms has been their poor sample efficiency. One approach to improve the sample efficiency is model-based RL. In our model-based RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Adithya Ramesh , Balaraman Ravindran

Deep Learning (DL) models can be used to tackle time series analysis tasks with great success. However, the performance of DL models can degenerate rapidly if the data are not appropriately normalized. This issue is even more apparent when…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2019-09-24 Nikolaos Passalis , Anastasios Tefas , Juho Kanniainen , Moncef Gabbouj , Alexandros Iosifidis

Over the past few years, the acceleration of computing resources and research in deep learning has led to significant practical successes in a range of tasks, including in particular in computer vision. Building on these advances,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-04-14 David Bertoin , Emmanuel Rachelson

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) methods generally engage in exploratory behavior through noise injection in the action space. An alternative is to add noise directly to the agent's parameters, which can lead to more consistent exploration…

The successful training of deep neural networks requires addressing challenges such as overfitting, numerical instabilities leading to divergence, and increasing variance in the residual stream. A common solution is to apply regularization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Jörg K. H. Franke , Urs Spiegelhalter , Marianna Nezhurina , Jenia Jitsev , Frank Hutter , Michael Hefenbrock

In many reinforcement learning (RL) applications, the observation space is specified by human developers and restricted by physical realizations, and may thus be subject to dramatic changes over time (e.g. increased number of observable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-07 Yanchao Sun , Ruijie Zheng , Xiyao Wang , Andrew Cohen , Furong Huang

A machine learning (ML) system must learn not only to match the output of a target function on a training set, but also to generalize to novel situations in order to yield accurate predictions at deployment. In most practical applications,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Clare Lyle

Can large language models (LLMs) generate continuous numerical features that improve reinforcement learning (RL) trading agents? We build a modular pipeline where a frozen LLM serves as a stateless feature extractor, transforming…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Zhengzhe Yang