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The expanding scale of neural networks poses a major challenge for distributed machine learning, particularly under limited communication resources. While split learning (SL) alleviates client computational burden by distributing model…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Zhen Fang , Miao Yang , Zehang Lin , Zheng Lin , Zihan Fang , Zongyuan Zhang , Tianyang Duan , Dong Huang , Shunzhi Zhu

The increasing complexity of neural networks poses a significant barrier to the deployment of distributed machine learning (ML) on resource-constrained devices, such as federated learning (FL). Split learning (SL) offers a promising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Zehang Lin , Zheng Lin , Miao Yang , Jianhao Huang , Yuxin Zhang , Zihan Fang , Xia Du , Zhe Chen , Shunzhi Zhu , Wei Ni

Split learning (SL) is a promising approach for training artificial intelligence (AI) models, in which devices collaborate with a server to train an AI model in a distributed manner, based on a same fixed split point. However, due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Zuguang Li , Wen Wu , Shaohua Wu , Wei Wang

With the prevalence of Large Learning Models (LLM), Split Federated Learning (SFL), which divides a learning model into server-side and client-side models, has emerged as an appealing technology to deal with the heavy computational burden…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Yipeng Liang , Qimei Chen , Guangxu Zhu , Muhammad Kaleem Awan , Hao Jiang

The growing complexity of neural networks hinders the deployment of distributed machine learning on resource-constrained devices. Split learning (SL) offers a promising solution by partitioning the large model and offloading the primary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Zehang Lin , Miao Yang , Haihan Zhu , Zheng Lin , Jianhao Huang , Jing Yang , Guangjin Pan , Dianxin Luan , Zihan Fang , Shunzhi Zhu , Wei Ni , John Thompson

This paper proposes a novel communication-efficient Split Learning (SL) framework, named Attention-based Double Compression (ADC), which reduces the communication overhead required for transmitting intermediate Vision Transformers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Federico Alvetreti , Jary Pomponi , Paolo Di Lorenzo , Simone Scardapane

Smart farming systems encounter significant challenges, including limited resources, the need for data privacy, and poor connectivity in rural areas. To address these issues, we present eEnergy-Split, an energy-efficient framework that…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Keiwan Soltani , Vishesh Kumar Tanwar , Ashish Gupta , Sajal K. Das

Split Learning (SL) is a promising collaborative machine learning approach, enabling resource-constrained devices to train models without sharing raw data, while reducing computational load and preserving privacy simultaneously. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Yunrui Sun , Gang Hu , Yinglei Teng , Dunbo Cai

This paper proposes a novel communication-efficient split learning (SL) framework, named SplitFC, which reduces the communication overhead required for transmitting intermediate feature and gradient vectors during the SL training process.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Yongjeong Oh , Jaeho Lee , Christopher G. Brinton , Yo-Seb Jeon

Split learning (SL) is an emergent distributed learning framework which can mitigate the computation and wireless communication overhead of federated learning. It splits a machine learning model into a device-side model and a server-side…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Minsu Kim , Alexander DeRieux , Walid Saad

Federated fine-tuning of on-device large language models (LLMs) mitigates privacy concerns by preventing raw data sharing. However, the intensive computational and memory demands pose significant challenges for resource-constrained edge…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Tao Li , Yulin Tang , Yiyang Song , Cong Wu , Xihui Liu , Pan Li , Xianhao Chen

The significance of distributed learning and inference algorithms in Internet of Things (IoT) network is growing since they flexibly distribute computation load between IoT devices and the infrastructure, enhance data privacy, and minimize…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Vukan Ninkovic , Dejan Vukobratovic , Dragisa Miskovic , Marco Zennaro

The rapid advancements in foundation models and sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication systems necessitate the development of efficient, scalable, and privacy-preserving machine learning approaches. For foundation models in 6G, split…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Qianzhou Chen , Siqi Sun , Minrui Xu , Sijie Ji , Jiawen Kang , Yijie Mao , Zhouxiang Zhao , Zhaohui Yang , Dusit Niyato

Split learning is a promising privacy-preserving distributed learning scheme that has low computation requirement at the edge device but has the disadvantage of high communication overhead between edge device and server. To reduce the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-10 Xing Chen , Jingtao Li , Chaitali Chakrabarti

Current data compression methods, such as sparsification in Federated Averaging (FedAvg), effectively enhance the communication efficiency of Federated Learning (FL). However, these methods encounter challenges such as the straggler problem…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Zichen Tang , Junlin Huang , Rudan Yan , Yuxin Wang , Zhenheng Tang , Shaohuai Shi , Amelie Chi Zhou , Xiaowen Chu

As a promising paradigm federated Learning (FL) is widely used in privacy-preserving machine learning, which allows distributed devices to collaboratively train a model while avoiding data transmission among clients. Despite its immense…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Jinglong Shen , Xiucheng Wang , Nan Cheng , Longfei Ma , Conghao Zhou , Yuan Zhang

Federated learning (FL) is a popular distributed machine learning (ML) paradigm, but is often limited by significant communication costs and edge device computation capabilities. Federated Split Learning (FSL) preserves the parallel model…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Yujia Mu , Cong Shen

Split learning (SL) transfers most of the training workload to the server, which alleviates computational burden on client devices. However, the transmission of intermediate feature representations, referred to as smashed data, incurs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Jialei Tan , Zheng Lin , Xiangming Cai , Ruoxi Zhu , Zihan Fang , Pingping Chen , Wei Ni

This paper investigates a communication-efficient split learning (SL) over multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication system. In particular, we mathematically decompose the inter-layer connection of a neural network (NN) to a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-11 Yuzhi Yang , Zhaoyang Zhang , Zhaohui Yang

Federated learning (FL) is one of the popular distributed machine learning (ML) solutions but incurs significant communication and computation costs at edge devices. Federated split learning (FSL) can train sub-models in parallel and reduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Yujia Mu , Cong Shen
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