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A Federated Learning (FL) system collaboratively trains neural networks across devices and a server but is limited by significant on-device computation costs. Split Federated Learning (SFL) systems mitigate this by offloading a block of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Zihan Zhang , Leon Wong , Blesson Varghese

In this letter, we propose an energy-efficient split learning (SL) framework for fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) using geo-distributed personal data at the network edge, where LLMs are split and alternately across massive mobile…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Zuguang Li , Shaohua Wu , Liang Li , Songge Zhang

Federated Learning (FL) enables multiple clients to train a collaborative model without sharing their local data. Split Learning (SL) allows a model to be trained in a split manner across different locations. Split-Federated (SplitFed)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Chamani Shiranthika , Hadi Hadizadeh , Parvaneh Saeedi , Ivan V. Bajić

Over-the-air computation is a communication-efficient solution for federated learning (FL). In such a system, iterative procedure is performed: Local gradient of private loss function is updated, amplified and then transmitted by every…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Rongfei Fan , Xuming An , Shiyuan Zuo , Han Hu

Communication is a crucial factor for the big multi-agent world to stay organized and productive. Recently, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has been applied to learn the communication strategy and the control policy for multiple agents.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-12-12 Hangyu Mao , Zhengchao Zhang , Zhen Xiao , Zhibo Gong , Yan Ni

Gradient-based optimization methods implemented on distributed computing architectures are increasingly used to tackle large-scale machine learning applications. A key bottleneck in such distributed systems is the high communication…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Xiaoge Deng , Dongsheng Li , Tao Sun , Xicheng Lu

In a multi-agent system, agents can cooperatively learn a model from data by exchanging their estimated model parameters, without the need to exchange the locally available data used by the agents. This strategy, often called federated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Halil Yigit Oksuz , Fabio Molinari , Henning Sprekeler , Jörg Raisch

Communication compression, a technique aiming to reduce the information volume to be transmitted over the air, has gained great interests in Federated Learning (FL) for the potential of alleviating its communication overhead. However,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-10 Xinmeng Huang , Ping Li , Xiaoyun Li

In this paper, we propose a hybrid learning framework that combines federated and split learning, termed semi-federated learning (SemiFL), in which over-the-air computation is utilized for gradient aggregation. A key idea is to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-26 Jingheng Zheng , Hui Tian , Wanli Ni , Yang Tian , Ping Zhang

Distributed machine learning (ML) over wireless networks hinges on accurate channel state information (CSI) and efficient exchange of high-dimensional model updates. These demands are governed by channel coherence time and bandwidth, which…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Mehdi Karbalayghareh , David J. Love , Christopher G. Brinton

In this paper, we consider federated learning (FL) over a noisy fading multiple access channel (MAC), where an edge server aggregates the local models transmitted by multiple end devices through over-the-air computation (AirComp). To…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-11-16 Shuhao Xia , Jingyang Zhu , Yuhan Yang , Yong Zhou , Yuanming Shi , Wei Chen

Split learning (SL) addresses the limitation of running deep learning inference directly on low-power edge/IoT nodes, in which it executes part of the inference process on the sensor and offloading the remainder to a companion device.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Zied Jenhani , Mounir Bensalem , Jasenka Dizdarević , Admela Jukan

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) provides opportunities for the promotion of deep neural network (DNN)-based applications. However, the large amount of parameters and computational complexity of DNN makes it difficult to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Ce Xu , Jinxuan Li , Yuan Liu , Yushi Ling , Miaowen Wen

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved near-human performance across diverse reasoning tasks, yet their deployment on resource-constrained Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices remains impractical due to massive parameter footprints and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Mingyu Sung , Vikas Palakonda , Suhwan Im , Sunghwan Moon , Il-Min Kim , Sangseok Yun , Jae-Mo Kang

Federated learning (FL) and split learning (SL) are two popular distributed machine learning approaches. Both follow a model-to-data scenario; clients train and test machine learning models without sharing raw data. SL provides better model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Chandra Thapa , M. A. P. Chamikara , Seyit Camtepe , Lichao Sun

To leverage massive distributed data and computation resources, machine learning in the network edge is considered to be a promising technique especially for large-scale model training. Federated learning (FL), as a paradigm of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-25 Hao Chen , Shaocheng Huang , Deyou Zhang , Ming Xiao , Mikael Skoglund , H. Vincent Poor

Split learning (SL) offloads main computing tasks from multiple resource-constrained user equippments (UEs) to the base station (BS), while preserving local data privacy. However, its computation and communication processes remain…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Chenyu Liu , Zhaoyang Zhang , Zirui Chen , Zhaohui Yang

Federated learning can train models without directly providing local data to the server. However, the frequent updating of the local model brings the problem of large communication overhead. Recently, scholars have achieved the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Ying Zhuansun , Dandan Li , Xiaohong Huang , Caijun Sun

Collaborative training methods like Federated Learning (FL) and Split Learning (SL) enable distributed machine learning without sharing raw data. However, FL assumes clients can train entire models, which is infeasible for large-scale…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Srijith Nair , Michael Lin , Peizhong Ju , Amirreza Talebi , Elizabeth Serena Bentley , Jia Liu

When scaling distributed training, the communication overhead is often the bottleneck. In this paper, we propose a novel SGD variant with reduced communication and adaptive learning rates. We prove the convergence of the proposed algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Cong Xie , Oluwasanmi Koyejo , Indranil Gupta , Haibin Lin