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Question answering is an effective method for obtaining information from knowledge bases (KB). In this paper, we propose the Neural-Symbolic Complex Question Answering (NS-CQA) model, a data-efficient reinforcement learning framework for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Yuncheng Hua , Yuan-Fang Li , Guilin Qi , Wei Wu , Jingyao Zhang , Daiqing Qi

We introduce efficient deep learning-based methods for legal document processing including Legal Document Retrieval and Legal Question Answering tasks in the Automated Legal Question Answering Competition (ALQAC 2022). In this competition,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Hieu Nguyen Van , Dat Nguyen , Phuong Minh Nguyen , Minh Le Nguyen

The Natural Questions (NQ) benchmark set brings new challenges to Machine Reading Comprehension: the answers are not only at different levels of granularity (long and short), but also of richer types (including no-answer, yes/no,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-30 Xuguang Wang , Linjun Shou , Ming Gong , Nan Duan , Daxin Jiang

Compared to standard retrieval tasks, passage retrieval for conversational question answering (CQA) poses new challenges in understanding the current user question, as each question needs to be interpreted within the dialogue context.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Zeqiu Wu , Yi Luan , Hannah Rashkin , David Reitter , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Mari Ostendorf , Gaurav Singh Tomar

Reinforcement learning (RL) based on the final answer's reward has driven recent progress in small language models (SLMs) on reasoning-heavy tasks such as math and code. However, applying the same techniques to retrieval-augmented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Abhinav Java , Srivathsan Koundinyan , Nagarajan Natarajan , Amit Sharma

Recourse generators provide actionable insights, often through feature-based counterfactual explanations (CFEs), to help negatively classified individuals understand how to adjust their input features to achieve a positive classification.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Keziah Naggita , Matthew R. Walter , Avrim Blum

Input errors in question-answering (QA) systems often lead to incorrect responses. Large language models (LLMs) struggle with this task, frequently failing to interpret user intent (misinterpretation) or unnecessarily altering the original…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Longpeng Qiu , Ting Li , Shuai Mao , Nan Yang , Xiaohui Yan

Reducing reinforcement learning to supervised learning is a well-studied and effective approach that leverages the benefits of compact function approximation to deal with large-scale Markov decision processes. Independently, the boosting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-26 Nataly Brukhim , Elad Hazan , Karan Singh

Reinforcement learning exhibits potential in enhancing the reasoning abilities of large language models, yet it is hard to scale for the low sample efficiency during the rollout phase. Existing methods attempt to improve efficiency by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Deyang Kong , Qi Guo , Xiangyu Xi , Wei Wang , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Shikun Zhang , Wei Ye

Question-answering datasets require a broad set of reasoning skills. We show how to use question decompositions to teach language models these broad reasoning skills in a robust fashion. Specifically, we use widely available QDMR…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Harsh Trivedi , Niranjan Balasubramanian , Tushar Khot , Ashish Sabharwal

Knowledge Base Question Answering (KBQA) challenges models to bridge the gap between natural language and strict knowledge graph schemas by generating executable logical forms. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced this field,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Xin Sun , Zhongqi Chen , Xing Zheng , Qiang Liu , Shu Wu , Bowen Song , Zilei Wang , Weiqiang Wang , Liang Wang

Fine-tuning significantly improves the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs), yet its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This paper aims to provide an in-depth interpretation of the fine-tuning process through circuit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Xu Wang , Yan Hu , Wenyu Du , Reynold Cheng , Benyou Wang , Difan Zou

General Question Answering (QA) systems over texts require the multi-hop reasoning capability, i.e. the ability to reason with information collected from multiple passages to derive the answer. In this paper we conduct a systematic analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-01 Haoyu Wang , Mo Yu , Xiaoxiao Guo , Rajarshi Das , Wenhan Xiong , Tian Gao

Automatic summarization of legal texts is an important and still a challenging task since legal documents are often long and complicated with unusual structures and styles. Recent advances of deep models trained end-to-end with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-14 Duy-Hung Nguyen , Bao-Sinh Nguyen , Nguyen Viet Dung Nghiem , Dung Tien Le , Mim Amina Khatun , Minh-Tien Nguyen , Hung Le

One of the challenges in large-scale information retrieval (IR) is to develop fine-grained and domain-specific methods to answer natural language questions. Despite the availability of numerous sources and datasets for answer retrieval,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-28 Asma Ben Abacha , Dina Demner-Fushman

The integration of multi-document pre-training objectives into language models has resulted in remarkable improvements in multi-document downstream tasks. In this work, we propose extending this idea by pre-training a generic multi-document…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Avi Caciularu , Matthew E. Peters , Jacob Goldberger , Ido Dagan , Arman Cohan

We propose a hybrid approach aimed at improving the sample efficiency in goal-directed reinforcement learning. We do this via a two-step mechanism where firstly, we approximate a model from Model-Free reinforcement learning. Then, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-09 Shoubhik Debnath , Gaurav Sukhatme , Lantao Liu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has been used in question answering (QA) systems to improve performance when relevant information is in one (single-hop) or multiple (multi-hop) passages. However, many real life scenarios (e.g. dealing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Mykolas Sveistrys , Richard Kunert

Open-domain Question Answering models which directly leverage question-answer (QA) pairs, such as closed-book QA (CBQA) models and QA-pair retrievers, show promise in terms of speed and memory compared to conventional models which retrieve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Patrick Lewis , Yuxiang Wu , Linqing Liu , Pasquale Minervini , Heinrich Küttler , Aleksandra Piktus , Pontus Stenetorp , Sebastian Riedel

Query-focused summarization (QFS) is the task of generating a summary in response to a user-written query. Despite its user-oriented nature, there has been limited work in QFS in explicitly considering a user's understanding of a generated…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Cesare Spinoso-Di Piano , Jackie Chi Kit Cheung