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Signal Temporal Logic (STL) inference learns interpretable logical rules for temporal behaviors in dynamical systems. To ensure the correctness of learned STL formulas, recent approaches have incorporated conformal prediction as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Yixuan Wang , Danyang Li , Matthew Cleaveland , Roberto Tron , Mingyu Cai

Time series classification is a task of paramount importance, as this kind of data often arises in safety-critical applications. However, it is typically tackled with black-box deep learning methods, making it hard for humans to understand…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Irene Ferfoglia , Simone Silvetti , Gaia Saveri , Laura Nenzi , Luca Bortolussi

In this paper, a method for learning a recurrent neural network (RNN) controller that maximizes the robustness of signal temporal logic (STL) specifications is presented. In contrast to previous methods, we consider synthesizing the RNN…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-20 Wataru Hashimoto , Kazumune Hashimoto , Shigemasa Takai

We present a new average-based robustness score for Signal Temporal Logic (STL) and a framework for optimal control of a dynamical system under STL constraints. By averaging the scores of different specifications or subformulae at different…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-03-14 Noushin Mehdipour , Cristian-Ioan Vasile , Calin Belta

This paper addresses the planning and control problem for nonlinear systems under Signal Temporal Logic (STL) specifications. We first decompose an STL task into finite local tasks. A sampling-based method generates sequences of local…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-28 Zuodong Pan , Xu Fang , Wei Ren

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is expressive formal language that specifies spatio-temporal requirements in robotics. Its quantitative robustness semantics can be easily integrated with optimization-based control frameworks. However, STL…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Tianhao Wu , Yiwei Lyu

Real-world scenarios are characterized by timing uncertainties, e.g., delays, and disturbances. Algorithms with temporal robustness are crucial in guaranteeing the successful execution of tasks and missions in such scenarios. We study…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-19 Nhan-Khanh Le , Erfaun Noorani , Sandra Hirche , John Baras

Formal control of cyber-physical systems allows for synthesis of control strategies from rich specifications such as temporal logics. However, the classes of systems that the formal approaches can be applied to is limited due to the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Irmak Saglam , Ebru Aydin Gol

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is an expressive formal language for specifying spatio-temporal requirements over real-valued, real-time signals. It has been widely used for the verification and synthesis of autonomous systems and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Bowen Ye , Zhijian Li , Junyue Huang , Junkai Ma , Xiang Yin

We consider the synthesis of distributed implementations for specifications in parameterized temporal logics such as PROMPT-LTL, which extends LTL by temporal operators equipped with parameters that bound their scope. For single process…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-02-28 Swen Jacobs , Leander Tentrup , Martin Zimmermann

This paper presents a technique, named STLCG, to compute the quantitative semantics of Signal Temporal Logic (STL) formulas using computation graphs. STLCG provides a platform which enables the incorporation of logical specifications into…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-28 Karen Leung , Nikos Aréchiga , Marco Pavone

Machine learning techniques using neural networks have achieved promising success for time-series data classification. However, the models that they produce are challenging to verify and interpret. In this paper, we propose an explainable…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Danyang Li , Mingyu Cai , Cristian-Ioan Vasile , Roberto Tron

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has the potential to be used for synthesizing feedback controllers (agents) for various complex systems with unknown dynamics. These systems are expected to satisfy diverse safety and liveness properties…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Nikhil Kumar Singh , Indranil Saha

This paper studies the online control synthesis problem for uncertain discrete-time systems subject to signal temporal logic (STL) specifications. Different from existing techniques, this work proposes an approach based on STL, reachability…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-21 Pian Yu , Yulong Gao , Frank J. Jiang , Karl H. Johansson , Dimos V. Dimarogonas

To express temporal properties of dense-time real-valued signals, the Signal Temporal Logic (STL) has been defined by Maler et al. The work presented a monitoring algorithm deciding the satisfiability of STL formulae on finite discrete…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2012-08-21 Petr Dluhoš , Luboš Brim , David Šafránek

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is widely used to specify timed and safety-critical tasks for cyber-physical systems, but writing STL formulas directly is difficult for non-expert users. Natural language (NL) provides a convenient interface,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Kosei Fushimi , Kazunobu Serizawa , Junya Ikemoto , Kazumune Hashimoto

This paper addresses the problem of learning optimal policies for satisfying signal temporal logic (STL) specifications by agents with unknown stochastic dynamics. The system is modeled as a Markov decision process, in which the states…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-09-26 Derya Aksaray , Austin Jones , Zhaodan Kong , Mac Schwager , Calin Belta

In real-time and safety-critical cyber-physical systems (CPSs), control synthesis must guarantee that generated policies meet stringent timing and correctness requirements under uncertain and dynamic conditions. Signal temporal logic (STL)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Xiaochen Tang , Zhenya Zhang , Miaomiao Zhang , Jie An

Techniques based on Reinforcement Learning (RL) are increasingly being used to design control policies for robotic systems. RL fundamentally relies on state-based reward functions to encode desired behavior of the robot and bad reward…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-11-11 Parv Kapoor , Anand Balakrishnan , Jyotirmoy V. Deshmukh

In our previous work we have introduced the logic STL*, an extension of Signal Temporal Logic (STL) that allows value freezing. In this paper, we define robustness measures for STL* by adapting the robustness measures previously introduced…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-09-05 L. Brim , T. Vejpustek , D. Šafránek , J. Fabriková