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Various studies have empirically shown that the majority of Java and Android apps misuse cryptographic libraries, causing devastating breaches of data security. Therefore, it is crucial to detect such misuses early in the development…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-10-04 Stefan Krüger , Johannes Späth , Karim Ali , Eric Bodden , Mira Mezini

[Background] Previous research has shown that developers commonly misuse cryptography APIs. [Aim] We have conducted an exploratory study to find out how crypto APIs are used in open-source Java projects, what types of misuses exist, and why…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-09-03 Mohammadreza Hazhirpasand , Mohammad Ghafari , Oscar Nierstrasz

Developers rely on third-party library Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) when developing software. However, libraries typically come with assumptions and API usage constraints, whose violation results in API misuse. API misuses may…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Akalanka Galappaththi , Sarah Nadi , Christoph Treude

Recent studies have revealed that 87 % to 96 % of the Android apps using cryptographic APIs have a misuse which may cause security vulnerabilities. As previous studies did not conduct a qualitative examination of the validity and severity…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Anna-Katharina Wickert , Lars Baumgärtner , Michael Schlichtig , Krishna Narasimhan , Mira Mezini

Previous research has shown that crypto APIs are hard for developers to understand and difficult for them to use. They consequently rely on unvalidated boilerplate code from online resources where security vulnerabilities are common. We…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-08-06 Mohammadreza Hazhirpasand , Mohammad Ghafari , Stefan Krüger , Eric Bodden , Oscar Nierstrasz

Background: Previous studies have shown that up to 99.59 % of the Java apps using crypto APIs misuse the API at least once. However, these studies have been conducted on Java and C, while empirical studies for other languages are missing.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Anna-Katharina Wickert , Lars Baumgärtner , Florian Breitfelder , Mira Mezini

Cryptographic API misuse represents a critical vulnerability class that undermines the security foundations of modern software. Yet, it remains largely unexplored in Go despite its dominance in security-critical infrastructure. This paper…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Vivi Andersson , Martin Monperrus

Increasing number of cyber-attacks demotivate people to use Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for industrial as well as day to day work. A main reason for the increasing number of cyber-attacks is mistakes that programmers make…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-10-12 Chamila Wijayarathna , Nalin Asanka Gamagedara Arachchilage

Application Programming Interface (API) incompatibility is a long-standing issue in Android application development. The rapid evolution of Android APIs results in a significant number of API additions, removals, and changes between…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Shidong Pan , Tianchen Guo , Lihong Zhang , Pei Liu , Zhenchang Xing , Xiaoyu Sun

Security Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are crucial for ensuring software security. However, their misuse introduces vulnerabilities, potentially leading to severe data breaches and substantial financial loss. Complex API design,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Zahra Mousavi , Chadni Islam , M. Ali Babar , Alsharif Abuadbba , Kristen Moore

Several studies showed that misuses of cryptographic APIs are common in real-world code (e.g., Apache projects and Android apps). There exist several open-sourced and commercial security tools that automatically screen Java programs to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Sharmin Afrose , Ya Xiao , Sazzadur Rahaman , Barton P. Miller , Danfeng , Yao

Lack of usability of security Application Programming In- terfaces (APIs) is one of the main reasons for mistakes that programmers make that result in security vulnerabilities in software applications they develop. Especially, APIs that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-05-25 Chamila Wijayarathna , Nalin Asanka Gamagedara Arachchilage

Lack of experience, inadequate documentation, and sub-optimal API design frequently cause developers to make mistakes when re-using third-party implementations. Such API misuses can result in unintended behavior, performance losses, or…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Sebastian Nielebock , Robert Heumüller , Kevin Michael Schott , Frank Ortmeier

Modern software development depends on APIs to reuse code and increase productivity. As most software systems, these libraries and frameworks also evolve, which may break existing clients. However, the main reasons to introduce breaking…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-08-09 Aline Brito , Laerte Xavier , Andre Hora , Marco Tulio Valente

Tools focused on cryptographic API misuse often detect the most basic expressions of the vulnerable use, and are unable to detect non-trivial variants. The question of whether tools should be designed to detect such variants can only be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Victor Olaiya , Adwait Nadkarni

Java platform and third-party libraries provide various security features to facilitate secure coding. However, misusing these features can cost tremendous time and effort of developers or cause security vulnerabilities in software. Prior…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-09-29 Na Meng , Stefan Nagy , Daphne Yao , Wenjie Zhuang , Gustavo Arango Argoty

Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) often have usage constraints, such as restrictions on call order or call conditions. API misuses, i.e., violations of these constraints, may lead to software crashes, bugs, and vulnerabilities.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-03-14 Sven Amann , Hoan Anh Nguyen , Sarah Nadi , Tien N. Nguyen , Mira Mezini

The Java libraries JCA and JSSE offer cryptographic APIs to facilitate secure coding. When developers misuse some of the APIs, their code becomes vulnerable to cyber-attacks. To eliminate such vulnerabilities, people built tools to detect…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Ying Zhang , Ya Xiao , Md Mahir Asef Kabir , Danfeng , Yao , Na Meng

The correct adoption of cryptography APIs is challenging for mainstream developers, often resulting in widespread API misuse. Meanwhile, cryptography misuse detectors have demonstrated inconsistent performance and remain largely…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Ehsan Firouzi , Mohammad Ghafari , Mike Ebrahimi

The misunderstanding and incorrect configurations of cryptographic primitives have exposed severe security vulnerabilities to attackers. Due to the pervasiveness and diversity of cryptographic misuses, a comprehensive and accurate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Cong Sun , Xinpeng Xu , Yafei Wu , Dongrui Zeng , Gang Tan , Siqi Ma , Peicheng Wang
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