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A widely used electrostatics model in the biomolecular modeling community, the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation, along with its finite element approximation, are analyzed in this paper. A regularized Poisson-Boltzmann equation is…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2010-01-12 Long Chen , Michael Holst , Jinchao Xu

Classical theory of the electric double layer is based on the fundamental assumption of a dilute solution of point ions. There are a number of situations such as high applied voltages, high concentration of electrolytes, systems with…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2015-06-11 Brian D. Storey , Martin Z. Bazant

This paper analyzes various schemes for the Euler-Poisson-Boltzmann (EPB) model of plasma physics. This model consists of the pressureless gas dynamics equations coupled with the Poisson equation and where the Boltzmann relation relates the…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2014-04-08 Pierre Degond , Hailiang Liu , Dominique Savelief , Marie-Hélène Vignal

Understanding the electrical double layer (EDL), i.e, the distribution of electrolyte at an electrified interface, in concentrated electrolytes is important for various technologies, such as supercapacitors, batteries and electrocatalysis.…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2026-05-01 Zachary A. H. Goodwin

Within the Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) framework useful for a wealth of charged soft matter problems, we work out the Coulombic grand potential of a long cylindrical charged polyion in a binary electrolyte solution of arbitrary valency and for…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2019-10-01 Gabriel Tellez , Emmanuel Trizac

Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) model is one of the most popular implicit solvent models in biophysical modeling and computation. The ability of providing accurate and reliable PB estimation of electrostatic solvation free energy, $\Delta…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2016-06-10 Duc D. Nguyen , Bao Wang , Guo-wei Wei

Electric double layer (EDL) formation underlies the functioning of supercapacitors and several other electrochemical technologies. Here, we study how the EDL formation near two flat blocking electrodes separated by $2L$ is affected by…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-09-23 David Fertig , Mathijs Janssen

Density functional theory is used to describe electrolyte solutions in contact with electrodes of planar or spherical shape. For the electrolyte solutions we consider the so-called civilized model, in which all species present are treated…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2017-04-24 Andreas Reindl , Markus Bier , S. Dietrich

A parallel plate capacitor containing an electrolytic solution is the simplest model of a supercapacitor, or electric double layer capacitor. Using both analytical and numerical techniques, we solve the Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations for…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2025-10-02 Ivan Palaia , Adelchi J. Asta , Megh Dutta , Patrick B. Warren , Benjamin Rotenberg , Emmanuel Trizac

With already demonstrated in previous work the equations that describe the space dependence of the electric potential are determined by the solution of the equation of Poisson-Boltzmann. In this work we consider these solutions for the…

Biological Physics · Physics 2008-09-30 M. A. G. Soares , F. A. O. Cruz , C. M. Cortez

The study of the electrical double layer lies at the heart of colloidal and interfacial science. The standard mean-field Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) theory is incapable of modeling many phenomena originated from ion correlation. An important…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2022-09-26 Nikhil R. Agrawal , Rui Wang

The Poisson-Boltzmann equation (PBE) is an implicit solvent continuum model for calculating the electrostatic potential and energies of ionic solvated biomolecules. However, its numerical solution remains a significant challenge due strong…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-06-13 Cleophas Kweyu , Venera Khoromskaia , Boris Khoromskij , Matthias Stein , Peter Benner

The excess entropy of restricted primitive model electrolytes is calculated using a potential based approach through the symmetric Poisson-Boltzmann and the modified Poisson-Boltzmann theories. The theories are utilized in conjunction with…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-04-01 S. Lamperski , L. B. Bhuiyan , C. W. Outhwaite , R. Gorniak

The electric double layer (EDL) that forms at the interface between a polyelectrolyte gel and a salt bath is studied using asymptotic and numerical methods. Specifically, matched asymptotic expansions, based on the smallness of the Debye…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2022-01-28 Matthew G. Hennessy , Giulia L. Celora , Andreas Münch , Barbara Wagner , Sarah L. Waters

The electric double layer (EDL) that forms at the interface between metals and ionic solutions is at the heart of various energy technologies. Recent experimental data have challenged our traditional understanding of the EDL charging…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-03-05 Nils Bruch , Michael Eikerling , Tobias Binninger

In a continuum model of the solvation of charged molecules in an aqueous solvent, the classical Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) theory is generalized to include the solute point charges and the dielectric boundary that separates the high-dielectric…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-09-29 Bo Li , Zhengfang Zhang , Shenggao Zhou

We theoretically study electrostatic properties of electric double layer using a generalized Poisson-Boltzmann approach taking into account the orientational ordering of water dipoles and the excluded volume effect of water molecules as…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2022-02-14 Jun-Sik Sin , Song-Jin Im , Kwang-Il Kim

We present a nonlocal statistical field theory of a dilute electrolyte solution with small additive of dipolar particles. We postulate that every dipolar particle is associated with an arbitrary probability distribution function (PDF) of…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2019-03-26 Yu. A. Budkov

A numerical method using implicit surface representations is proposed to solve the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equations that arise in mathematical models for the electrostatics of molecules in solvent. The proposed method used an implicit…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2018-04-04 Yimin Zhong , Kui Ren , Richard Tsai

It is widely accepted that the Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) theory provides a valid description for charged surfaces in the so-called weak coupling limit. Here, we show that the image charge repulsion creates a depletion boundary layer that…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2015-06-23 Rui Wang , Zhen-Gang Wang