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Observational data are often used to estimate real-world effectiveness and durability of vaccines. A sequence of trials can be emulated to draw inference from such data while minimizing selection bias, immortal time bias, and confounding.…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-03 Justin B. DeMonte , Bonnie E. Shook-Sa , Michael G. Hudgens

We propose a new method to immunize populations or computer networks against epidemics which is more efficient than any method considered before. The novelty of our method resides in the way of determining the immunization targets. First we…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-06-03 Christian M. Schneider , Tamara Mihaljev , Hans J. Herrmann

The success of a vaccination program is crucially dependent on its adoption by a critical fraction of the population, as the resulting herd immunity prevents future outbreaks of an epidemic. However, the effectiveness of a campaign can…

Physics and Society · Physics 2019-07-02 Anupama Sharma , Shakti N. Menon , V. Sasidevan , Sitabhra Sinha

We study the implications of selling through a voice-based virtual assistant (VA). The seller has a set of products available and the VA decides which product to offer and at what price, seeking to maximize its revenue, consumer- or…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2020-09-09 Wenjia Ba , Haim Mendelson , Mingxi Zhu

Understanding the impact of the most effective policies or treatments on a response variable of interest is desirable in many empirical works in economics, statistics and other disciplines. Due to the widespread winner's curse phenomenon,…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-25 Waverly Wei , Yuqing Zhou , Zeyu Zheng , Jingshen Wang

Conventional treatment policies map patient covariates to a single recommended intervention in order to maximize expected clinical outcomes. Although a rich body of causal inference methods has been developed to estimate such policies,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Laura Fuentes-Vicente , Mathieu Even , Gaëlle Dormion , Antoine Chambaz , Uri Shalit , Julie Josse

Randomized experiments have become a standard tool in economics. In analyzing randomized experiments, the traditional approach has been based on the Stable Unit Treatment Value (SUTVA: \cite{rubin}) assumption which dictates that there is…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-12-29 Bora Kim

With COVID-19 having emerged as the most widespread human pandemic disease in a century, the need to control its spread to avoid massive loss of life became more than necessary, and extremely fast. Several vaccines were developed and the…

Staggered treatment adoption arises in the evaluation of policy impact and implementation in many settings, including both randomized stepped-wedge trials and non-randomized quasi-experiments with panel data. In both settings, getting an…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-14 Lee Kennedy-Shaffer

Network-based interventions against epidemic spread are most powerful when the full network structure is known. However, in practice, resource constraints require decisions to be made based on partial network information. We investigated…

Applications · Statistics 2019-03-19 Yingrui Yang , Ashley McKhann , Sixing Chen , Guy Harling , Jukka-Pekka Onnela

Policy learning can be used to extract individualized treatment regimes from observational data in healthcare, civics, e-commerce, and beyond. One big hurdle to policy learning is a commonplace lack of overlap in the data for different…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-04 Nathan Kallus

Background: Network-based interventions are most powerful against epidemics when the full network structure is known. However, resource constraints often require decisions based on partial network data. We investigated how the effectiveness…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2018-03-30 Yingrui Yang , Ashley McKhann , Guy Harling , Jukka-Pekka Onnela

Timely and efficient dissemination of service information is critical in compute-first networking systems, where user requests arrive dynamically and computing resources are constrained. In such systems, the access point (AP) plays a key…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Jianpeng Qi , Chao Liu , Chengxiang Xu , Rui Wang , Junyu Dong , Yanwei Yu

We introduce an immunization method where the percentage of required vaccinations for immunity are close to the optimal value of a targeted immunization scheme of highest degree nodes. Our strategy retains the advantage of being purely…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-11-13 Lazaros K. Gallos , Fredrik Liljeros , Panos Argyrakis , Armin Bunde , Shlomo Havlin

Network-based intervention strategies can be effective and cost-efficient approaches to curtailing harmful contagions in myriad settings. As studied, these strategies are often impractical to implement, as they typically assume complete…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-09-09 Samuel F. Rosenblatt , Jeffrey A. Smith , G. Robin Gauthier , Laurent Hébert-Dufresne

In this study, we formulate a mathematical model incorporating age specific transmission dynamics of COVID-19 to evaluate the role of vaccination and treatment strategies in reducing the size of COVID-19 burden. Initially, we establish the…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2021-02-22 Bishal Chhetri , D. k. k. Vamsi , S Balasubramanian , Carani B Sanjeevi

Many interventions, such as vaccines in clinical trials or coupons in online marketplaces, must be assigned sequentially without full knowledge of their effects. Multi-armed bandit algorithms have proven successful in such settings.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-07 Aidan Gleich , Eric Laber , Alexander Volfovsky

When evaluating the efficacy of social programs and medical treatments using randomized experiments, the estimated overall average causal effect alone is often of limited value and the researchers must investigate when the treatments do and…

Applications · Statistics 2013-05-27 Kosuke Imai , Marc Ratkovic

In this study, we introduce a novel method called group-wise \textbf{VI}sual token \textbf{S}election and \textbf{A}ggregation (VISA) to address the issue of inefficient inference stemming from excessive visual tokens in multimoal large…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Pengfei Jiang , Hanjun Li , Linglan Zhao , Fei Chao , Ke Yan , Shouhong Ding , Rongrong Ji

The beneficial effects of treatments vary across individuals in most studies. Treatment heterogeneity motivates practitioners to search for the optimal policy based on personal characteristics. A long-standing common practice in policy…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-01-06 Xuqiao Li , Ying Yan