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Large, curated, web-crawled corpora play a vital role in training language models (LMs). They form the lion's share of the training data in virtually all recent LMs, such as the well-known GPT, LLaMA and XLM-RoBERTa models. However, despite…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Rik van Noord , Taja Kuzman , Peter Rupnik , Nikola Ljubešić , Miquel Esplà-Gomis , Gema Ramírez-Sánchez , Antonio Toral

Large language models (LLMs) rely heavily on web-scale datasets like Common Crawl, which provides over 80\% of training data for some modern models. However, the indiscriminate nature of web crawling raises challenges in data quality,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Inés Altemir Marinas , Anastasiia Kucherenko , Andrei Kucharavy

Web-crawled data provides a good source of parallel corpora for training machine translation models. It is automatically obtained, but extremely noisy, and recent work shows that neural machine translation systems are more sensitive to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-14 Boliang Zhang , Ajay Nagesh , Kevin Knight

The need for large text corpora has increased with the advent of pretrained language models and, in particular, the discovery of scaling laws for these models. Most available corpora have sufficient data only for languages with large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Amir Hossein Kargaran , François Yvon , Hinrich Schütze

Well curated, large-scale corpora of social media posts containing broad public opinion offer an alternative data source to complement traditional surveys. While surveys are effective at collecting representative samples and are capable of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Michael V. Arnold , Peter Sheridan Dodds , Christopher M. Danforth

With the increasing demand for substantial amounts of high-quality data to train large language models (LLMs), efficiently filtering large web corpora has become a critical challenge. For this purpose, KenLM, a lightweight n-gram-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Yungi Kim , Hyunsoo Ha , Sukyung Lee , Jihoo Kim , Seonghoon Yang , Chanjun Park

Large Language Models (LLMs) are pre-trained on large amounts of data from different sources and domains. Such datasets often contain trillions of tokens, including large portions of copyrighted or proprietary content, which raises…

Mathematical reasoning is a cornerstone of human intelligence and a key benchmark for advanced capabilities in large language models (LLMs). However, the research community still lacks an open, large-scale, high-quality corpus tailored to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Fan Zhou , Zengzhi Wang , Nikhil Ranjan , Zhoujun Cheng , Liping Tang , Guowei He , Zhengzhong Liu , Eric P. Xing

Parallel texts are a relatively rare language resource, however, they constitute a very useful research material with a wide range of applications. This study presents and analyses new methodologies we developed for obtaining such data from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-03-23 Krzysztof Wołk , Emilia Rejmund , Krzysztof Marasek

We present the HPLT (High Performance Language Technologies) language resources, a new massive multilingual dataset including both monolingual and bilingual corpora extracted from CommonCrawl and previously unused web crawls from the…

Large volumes of text data have contributed significantly to the development of large language models (LLMs) in recent years. This data is typically acquired by scraping the internet, leading to pretraining datasets comprised of noisy web…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Max Marion , Ahmet Üstün , Luiza Pozzobon , Alex Wang , Marzieh Fadaee , Sara Hooker

The Common Crawl (CC) corpus is the largest open web crawl dataset containing 9.5+ petabytes of data captured since 2008. The dataset is instrumental in training large language models, and as such it has been studied for (un)desirable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Ilya Ilyankou , Meihui Wang , Stefano Cavazzi , James Haworth

Introduction: Clinical text classification using natural language processing (NLP) models requires adequate training data to achieve optimal performance. For that, 200-500 documents are typically annotated. The number is constrained by time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Jaya Chaturvedi , Saniya Deshpande , Chenkai Ma , Robert Cobb , Angus Roberts , Robert Stewart , Daniel Stahl , Diana Shamsutdinova

Increasingly, web content is automatically generated by large language models (LLMs) with little human input. We call this "LLM-dominant" content. Since LLMs plagiarize and hallucinate, LLM-dominant content can be unreliable and unethical.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Sichang Steven He , Ramesh Govindan , Harsha V. Madhyastha

Transfer learning, where a model is first pre-trained on a data-rich task before being fine-tuned on a downstream task, has emerged as a powerful technique in natural language processing (NLP). The effectiveness of transfer learning has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Colin Raffel , Noam Shazeer , Adam Roberts , Katherine Lee , Sharan Narang , Michael Matena , Yanqi Zhou , Wei Li , Peter J. Liu

Large language models are trained on massive scrapes of the web, which are often unstructured, noisy, and poorly phrased. Current scaling laws show that learning from such data requires an abundance of both compute and data, which grows…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Pratyush Maini , Skyler Seto , He Bai , David Grangier , Yizhe Zhang , Navdeep Jaitly

Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies have revolutionized the way we interact with information systems, with a significant focus on converting natural language queries into formal query languages such as SQL. However, less emphasis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Luming Lu , Jiyuan An , Yujie Wang , Liner yang , Cunliang Kong , Zhenghao Liu , Shuo Wang , Haozhe Lin , Mingwei Fang , Yaping Huang , Erhong Yang

The vast majority of non-English corpora are derived from automatically filtered versions of CommonCrawl. While prior work has identified major issues on the quality of these datasets (Kreutzer et al., 2021), it is not clear how this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Mikel Artetxe , Itziar Aldabe , Rodrigo Agerri , Olatz Perez-de-Viñaspre , Aitor Soroa

Democratizing access to natural language processing (NLP) technology is crucial, especially for underrepresented and extremely low-resource languages. Previous research has focused on developing labeled and unlabeled corpora for these…

We describe the design and use of the CREER dataset, a large corpus annotated with rich English grammar and semantic attributes. The CREER dataset uses the Stanford CoreNLP Annotator to capture rich language structures from Wikipedia plain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-10 Yu-Siou Tang , Chung-Hsien Wu