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Counterfactual explanations (CFEs) are a popular approach in explainable artificial intelligence (xAI), highlighting changes to input data necessary for altering a model's output. A CFE can either describe a scenario that is better than the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Ulrike Kuhl , André Artelt , Barbara Hammer

The growing integration of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) models into high-stakes domains such as healthcare and scientific research calls for models that are not only accurate but also interpretable. Among the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Zhuo Cao , Xuan Zhao , Lena Krieger , Hanno Scharr , Ira Assent

In geophysics, hydrocarbon prospect risking involves assessing the risks associated with hydrocarbon exploration by integrating data from various sources. Machine learning-based classifiers trained on tabular data have been recently used to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Prithwijit Chowdhury , Ahmad Mustafa , Mohit Prabhushankar , Ghassan AlRegib

Machine learning models that automate decision-making are increasingly being used in consequential areas such as loan approvals, pretrial bail, hiring, and many more. Unfortunately, most of these models are black-boxes, i.e., they are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Sopam Dasgupta , Farhad Shakerin , Joaquín Arias , Elmer Salazar , Gopal Gupta

Although the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into everyday tasks improves efficiency and objectivity, it also risks transmitting bias to human decision-making. In this study, we conducted a controlled experiment that simulated…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Ulrike Kuhl , Annika Bush

Recent developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and their applications in critical industries such as healthcare, fin-tech and cybersecurity have led to a surge in research in explainability in AI. Innovative research methods are being…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Aoun E Muhammad , Kin-Choong Yow , Nebojsa Bacanin-Dzakula , Muhammad Attique Khan

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is motivated by the problem of making AI predictions understandable, transparent, and responsible, as AI becomes increasingly impactful in society and high-stakes domains. The evaluation and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Weina Jin , Xiaoxiao Li , Ghassan Hamarneh

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has aided machine learning (ML) researchers with the power of scrutinizing the decisions of the black-box models. XAI methods enable looking deep inside the models' behavior, eventually generating…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Maraz Mia , Mir Mehedi A. Pritom

Causal analysis may be affected by selection bias, which is defined as the systematic exclusion of data from a certain subpopulation. Previous work in this area focused on the derivation of identifiability conditions. We propose instead a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-03 Marco Zaffalon , Alessandro Antonucci , Rafael Cabañas , David Huber , Dario Azzimonti

Explainable AI (XAI) aims to provide interpretations for predictions made by learning machines, such as deep neural networks, in order to make the machines more transparent for the user and furthermore trustworthy also for applications in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Kirill Bykov , Marina M. -C. Höhne , Klaus-Robert Müller , Shinichi Nakajima , Marius Kloft

We propose answer-set programs that specify and compute counterfactual interventions on entities that are input on a classification model. In relation to the outcome of the model, the resulting counterfactual entities serve as a basis for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Leopoldo Bertossi

In recent years, the impact of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) in society has been absolutely remarkable. This impact is expected to continue in the foreseeable future. However,the adoption of AI/ML is also a cause of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Joao Marques-Silva

Black box neural networks are an indispensable part of modern robots. Nevertheless, deploying such high-stakes systems in real-world scenarios poses significant challenges when the stakeholders, such as engineers and legislative bodies,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Som Sagar , Aditya Taparia , Harsh Mankodiya , Pranav Bidare , Yifan Zhou , Ransalu Senanayake

Although many machine learning methods, especially from the field of deep learning, have been instrumental in addressing challenges within robotic applications, we cannot take full advantage of such methods before these can provide…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Vilde B. Gjærum , Inga Strümke , Anastasios M. Lekkas , Tim Miller

There has been a significant surge of interest recently around the concept of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), where the goal is to produce an interpretation for a decision made by a machine learning algorithm. Of particular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-31 Zhong Qiu Lin , Mohammad Javad Shafiee , Stanislav Bochkarev , Michael St. Jules , Xiao Yu Wang , Alexander Wong

Counterfactual explanations describe how to modify a feature vector in order to flip the outcome of a trained classifier. Obtaining robust counterfactual explanations is essential to provide valid algorithmic recourse and meaningful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Alexandre Forel , Axel Parmentier , Thibaut Vidal

Understanding the predictions made by deep learning models remains a central challenge, especially in high-stakes applications. A promising approach is to equip models with the ability to answer counterfactual questions -- hypothetical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Inwoo Hwang , Yushu Pan , Elias Bareinboim

Machine-learning models are increasingly driving decisions in high-stakes settings, such as finance, law, and hiring, thus, highlighting the need for transparency. However, the key challenge is to balance transparency -- clarifying `why' a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Sopam Dasgupta , Sadaf MD Halim , Joaquín Arias , Elmer Salazar , Gopal Gupta

While recent years have witnessed the emergence of various explainable methods in machine learning, to what degree the explanations really represent the reasoning process behind the model prediction -- namely, the faithfulness of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Yingqiang Ge , Shuchang Liu , Zelong Li , Shuyuan Xu , Shijie Geng , Yunqi Li , Juntao Tan , Fei Sun , Yongfeng Zhang

With the rising need of interpretable machine learning methods, there is a necessity for a rise in human effort to provide diverse explanations of the influencing factors of the model decisions. To improve the trust and transparency of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Peiyu Li , Soukaina Filali Boubrahimi , Shah Muhammad Hamdi