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We propose a doubly robust inference method for causal effects of continuous treatment variables, under unconfoundedness and with nonparametric or high-dimensional nuisance functions. Our double debiased machine learning (DML) estimators…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-10-02 Kyle Colangelo , Ying-Ying Lee

Solving conditional moment restrictions (CMRs) is a key problem considered in statistics, causal inference, and econometrics, where the aim is to solve for a function of interest that satisfies some conditional moment equalities.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-25 Daqian Shao , Ashkan Soleymani , Francesco Quinzan , Marta Kwiatkowska

Causal representation learning seeks to uncover causal relationships among high-level latent variables from low-level, entangled, and noisy observations. Existing approaches often either rely on deep neural networks, which lack…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-27 Wenjin Zhang , Yixin Wang , Yuqi Gu

Causal machine learning (ML) offers flexible, data-driven methods for predicting treatment outcomes including efficacy and toxicity, thereby supporting the assessment and safety of drugs. A key benefit of causal ML is that it allows for…

Most of previous machine learning algorithms are proposed based on the i.i.d. hypothesis. However, this ideal assumption is often violated in real applications, where selection bias may arise between training and testing process. Moreover,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-08-24 Zheyan Shen , Peng Cui , Kun Kuang , Bo Li , Peixuan Chen

Conditional effects are commonly used measures for understanding how treatment effects vary across different groups, and are often used to target treatments/interventions to groups who benefit most. In this work we review existing methods…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-14 Jiacheng Ge , Iván Díaz

Real-World Data (RWD), with its large sample sizes and rich clinical detail, offers a compelling alternative to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for studying treatment effects in diverse and complex patient populations. However, its…

Applications · Statistics 2026-05-26 Yifei Xu , Hwiyoung Lee , Zhenyao Ye , Yezhi Pan , Jingsong Zhou , Yun Yang , Chixiang Chen , Shuo Chen

Machine learning (ML) models are increasingly used as decision-support tools in high-risk domains. Evaluating the causal impact of deploying such models can be done with a randomized controlled trial (RCT) that randomizes users to ML vs.…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-17 Jacob M. Chen , Michael Oberst

Doubly robust learning offers a robust framework for causal inference from observational data by integrating propensity score and outcome modeling. Despite its theoretical appeal, practical adoption remains limited due to perceived…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-07-09 Hlynur Davíð Hlynsson

Estimation of the Average Treatment Effect (ATE) is often carried out in 2 steps, wherein the first step, the treatment and outcome are modeled, and in the second step the predictions are inserted into the ATE estimator. In the first steps,…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-07-21 Mehdi Rostami , Olli Saarela

Double (debiased) machine learning (DML) has seen widespread use in recent years for learning causal/structural parameters, in part due to its flexibility and adaptability to high-dimensional nuisance functions as well as its ability to…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-12 Abhinandan Dalal , Patrick Blöbaum , Shiva Kasiviswanathan , Aaditya Ramdas

Chernozhukov, Chetverikov, Demirer, Duflo, Hansen, and Newey (2016) provide a generic double/de-biased machine learning (DML) approach for obtaining valid inferential statements about focal parameters, using Neyman-orthogonal scores and…

Video Anomaly Detection (VAD) remains a fundamental yet formidable task in the video understanding community, with promising applications in areas such as information forensics and public safety protection. Due to the rarity and diversity…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Yang Liu , Hongjin Wang , Zepu Wang , Xiaoguang Zhu , Jing Liu , Peng Sun , Rui Tang , Jianwei Du , Victor C. M. Leung , Liang Song

Causal representation learning (CRL) models aim to transform high-dimensional data into a latent space, enabling interventions to generate counterfactual samples or modify existing data based on the causal relationships among latent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Alireza Sadeghi , Wael AbdAlmageed

Proper hyperparameter tuning is essential for achieving optimal performance of modern machine learning (ML) methods in predictive tasks. While there is an extensive literature on tuning ML learners for prediction, there is only little…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-02-08 Philipp Bach , Oliver Schacht , Victor Chernozhukov , Sven Klaassen , Martin Spindler

Adversarial examples derived from deliberately crafted perturbations on visual inputs can easily harm decision process of deep neural networks. To prevent potential threats, various adversarial training-based defense methods have grown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Byung-Kwan Lee , Junho Kim , Yong Man Ro

We study the problem of causal function estimation in the Proxy Causal Learning (PCL) framework, where confounders are not observed but proxies for the confounders are available. Two main approaches have been proposed: outcome bridge-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Bariscan Bozkurt , Houssam Zenati , Dimitri Meunier , Liyuan Xu , Arthur Gretton

Unlike parametric regression, machine learning (ML) methods do not generally require precise knowledge of the true data generating mechanisms. As such, numerous authors have advocated for ML methods to estimate causal effects.…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-05-15 Ashley I Naimi , Alan E Mishler , Edward H Kennedy

Estimating causal effect using machine learning (ML) algorithms can help to relax functional form assumptions if used within appropriate frameworks. However, most of these frameworks assume settings with cross-sectional data, whereas…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-09-04 Jonathan Fuhr , Dominik Papies

Uncovering causal effects in multiple treatment setting at various levels of granularity provides substantial value to decision makers. Comprehensive machine learning approaches to causal effect estimation allow to use a single causal…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-02-17 Michael Lechner , Jana Mareckova