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Sanskrit is a classical language with about 30 million extant manuscripts fit for digitisation, available in written, printed or scannedimage forms. However, it is still considered to be a low-resource language when it comes to available…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Ayush Maheshwari , Nikhil Singh , Amrith Krishna , Ganesh Ramakrishnan

We present KS-PRET-5M, the largest publicly available pretraining dataset for the Kashmiri language, comprising 5,090,244 (5.09M) words, 27,692,959 (27.6M) characters, and a vocabulary of 295,433 (295.4K) unique word types. We assembled the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Haq Nawaz Malik , Nahfid Nissar

We release Samas\=amayik, a novel, meticulously curated, large-scale Hindi-Sanskrit corpus, comprising 92,196 parallel sentences. Unlike most data available in Sanskrit, which focuses on classical era text and poetry, this corpus aggregates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 N J Karthika , Keerthana Suryanarayanan , Jahanvi Purohit , Ganesh Ramakrishnan , Jitin Singla , Anil Kumar Gourishetty

Multilingual LLMs support a variety of languages; however, their performance is suboptimal for low-resource languages. In this work, we emphasize the importance of continued pre-training of multilingual LLMs and the use of translation-based…

India is a multilingual society with 1369 rationalized languages and dialects being spoken across the country (INDIA, 2011). Of these, the 22 scheduled languages have a staggering total of 1.17 billion speakers and 121 languages have more…

Neural machine translation (NMT) has achieved great successes with large datasets, so NMT is more premised on high-resource languages. This continuously underpins the low resource languages such as Luganda due to the lack of high-quality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Richard Kimera , Daniela N. Rim , Heeyoul Choi

The primary obstacle to developing technologies for low-resource languages is the lack of usable data. In this paper, we report the adoption and deployment of 4 technology-driven methods of data collection for Gondi, a low-resource…

The parallel corpus for multilingual NLP tasks, deep learning applications like Statistical Machine Translation Systems is very important. The parallel corpus of Hindi-English language pair available for news translation task till date is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-01-28 Aditya Kumar Pathak , Priyankit Acharya , Dilpreet Kaur , Rakesh Chandra Balabantaray

In this paper we discuss an in-progress work on the development of a speech corpus for four low-resource Indo-Aryan languages -- Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Braj and Magahi using the field methods of linguistic data collection. The total size of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-25 Ritesh Kumar , Siddharth Singh , Shyam Ratan , Mohit Raj , Sonal Sinha , Bornini Lahiri , Vivek Seshadri , Kalika Bali , Atul Kr. Ojha

The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit records around 650,000 sentences along with their morphological and lexical tagging. But inconsistencies in morphological analysis, and in providing crucial information like the segmented word, urges the need…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-15 Sriram Krishnan , Amba Kulkarni , Gérard Huet

This paper introduces the submission by Huawei Translation Center (HW-TSC) to the WMT24 Indian Languages Machine Translation (MT) Shared Task. To develop a reliable machine translation system for low-resource Indian languages, we employed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Bin Wei , Jiawei Zhen , Zongyao Li , Zhanglin Wu , Daimeng Wei , Jiaxin Guo , Zhiqiang Rao , Shaojun Li , Yuanchang Luo , Hengchao Shang , Jinlong Yang , Yuhao Xie , Hao Yang

This technical report presents the 600K-KS-OCR Dataset, a large-scale synthetic corpus comprising approximately 602,000 word-level segmented images designed for training and evaluating optical character recognition systems targeting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Haq Nawaz Malik

With the rise of online abuse, the NLP community has begun investigating the use of neural architectures to generate counterspeech that can "counter" the vicious tone of such abusive speech and dilute/ameliorate their rippling effect over…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Mithun Das , Saurabh Kumar Pandey , Shivansh Sethi , Punyajoy Saha , Animesh Mukherjee

Natural Language Processing is a crucial frontier in artificial intelligence, with broad applications in many areas, including public health, agriculture, education, and commerce. However, due to the lack of substantial linguistic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Audrey Mbogho , Quin Awuor , Andrew Kipkebut , Lilian Wanzare , Vivian Oloo

For machine translation, a vast majority of language pairs in the world are considered low-resource because they have little parallel data available. Besides the technical challenges of learning with limited supervision, it is difficult to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-17 Francisco Guzmán , Peng-Jen Chen , Myle Ott , Juan Pino , Guillaume Lample , Philipp Koehn , Vishrav Chaudhary , Marc'Aurelio Ranzato

State-of-the-art natural language processing systems rely on supervision in the form of annotated data to learn competent models. These models are generally trained on data in a single language (usually English), and cannot be directly used…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-14 Alexis Conneau , Guillaume Lample , Ruty Rinott , Adina Williams , Samuel R. Bowman , Holger Schwenk , Veselin Stoyanov

Urdu, spoken by 230 million people worldwide, lacks dedicated transformer-based language models and curated corpora. While multilingual models provide limited Urdu support, they suffer from poor performance, high computational costs, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Syed Muhammad Ali , Hammad Sajid , Zainab Haider , Ali Muhammad Asad , Haya Fatima , Abdul Samad

One of the major challenges that under-represented and endangered language communities face in language technology is the lack or paucity of language data. This is also the case of the Southern varieties of the Kurdish and Laki languages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Sina Ahmadi , Zahra Azin , Sara Belelli , Antonios Anastasopoulos

Modern Translation Systems heavily rely on high-quality, large parallel datasets for state-of-the-art performance. However, such resources are largely unavailable for most of the South Asian languages. Among them, Nepali and Tamang fall…