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This work studies non-cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) where multiple agents interact in the same environment and whose goal is to maximize the individual returns. Challenges arise when scaling up the number of agents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-14 Talal Algumaei , Ruben Solozabal , Reda Alami , Hakim Hacid , Merouane Debbah , Martin Takac

Despite the increasing interest in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) in multiple communities, understanding its theoretical foundation has long been recognized as a challenging problem. In this work, we address this problem by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Kaiqing Zhang , Zhuoran Yang , Han Liu , Tong Zhang , Tamer Başar

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is increasingly ubiquitous in training dynamic and adaptive synthetic characters for interactive simulations on geo-specific terrains. Frameworks such as Unity's ML-Agents help to make such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Volkan Ustun , Soham Hans , Rajay Kumar , Yunzhe Wang

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is a widely used technique for optimization in decentralised control problems. However, most applications of MARL are in static environments, and are not suitable when agent behaviour and…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2014-09-17 Andrei Marinescu , Ivana Dusparic , Adam Taylor , Vinny Cahill , Siobhán Clarke

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) considers settings in which a set of coexisting agents interact with one another and their environment. The adaptation and learning of other agents induces non-stationarity in the environment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Ian Davies , Zheng Tian , Jun Wang

Zero-sum games have long guided artificial intelligence research, since they possess both a rich strategy space of best-responses and a clear evaluation metric. What's more, competition is a vital mechanism in many real-world multi-agent…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Edward Hughes , Thomas W. Anthony , Tom Eccles , Joel Z. Leibo , David Balduzzi , Yoram Bachrach

In this paper, we consider two-player zero-sum matrix and stochastic games and develop learning dynamics that are payoff-based, convergent, rational, and symmetric between the two players. Specifically, the learning dynamics for matrix…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Zaiwei Chen , Kaiqing Zhang , Eric Mazumdar , Asuman Ozdaglar , Adam Wierman

Discovering successful coordinated behaviors is a central challenge in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) since it requires exploring a joint action space that grows exponentially with the number of agents. In this paper, we propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Ammar Fayad , Majd Ibrahim

In multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), effective communication improves agent performance, particularly under partial observability. We propose MARL-CPC, a framework that enables communication among fully decentralized, independent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Naoto Yoshida , Tadahiro Taniguchi

We address in this paper Reinforcement Learning (RL) among agents that are grouped into teams such that there is cooperation within each team but general-sum (non-zero sum) competition across different teams. To develop an RL method that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Muhammad Aneeq uz Zaman , Alec Koppel , Mathieu Laurière , Tamer Başar

Recent advances in reinforcement learning have shown that language models can develop sophisticated reasoning through training on tasks with verifiable rewards, but these approaches depend on human-curated problem-answer pairs and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Bo Liu , Leon Guertler , Simon Yu , Zichen Liu , Penghui Qi , Daniel Balcells , Mickel Liu , Cheston Tan , Weiyan Shi , Min Lin , Wee Sun Lee , Natasha Jaques

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has been shown effective for cooperative games in recent years. However, existing state-of-the-art methods face challenges related to sample complexity, training instability, and the risk of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Jiarong Liu , Yifan Zhong , Siyi Hu , Haobo Fu , Qiang Fu , Xiaojun Chang , Yaodong Yang

Safety and scalability are two critical challenges faced by practical Multi-Agent Systems (MAS). However, existing Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) algorithms that rely solely on reward shaping are ineffective in ensuring safety,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Haikuo Du , Fandi Gou , Yunze Cai

There are several real-world tasks that would benefit from applying multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms, including the coordination among self-driving cars. The real world has challenging conditions for multiagent learning…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2020-02-19 Rose E. Wang , Michael Everett , Jonathan P. How

Deep reinforcement learning has become an important paradigm for constructing agents that can enter complex multi-agent situations and improve their policies through experience. One commonly used technique is reactive training - applying…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-12-11 Alexander Peysakhovich , Adam Lerer

Learning in games provides a powerful framework to design control policies for self-interested agents that may be coupled through their dynamics, costs, or constraints. We consider the case where the dynamics of the coupled system can be…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-18 Mostafa M. Shibl , Vijay Gupta

Incorporating symmetry as an inductive bias into multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has led to improvements in generalization, data efficiency, and physical consistency. While prior research has succeeded in using perfect symmetry…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Xin Yu , Rongye Shi , Pu Feng , Yongkai Tian , Simin Li , Shuhao Liao , Wenjun Wu

We study multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) with centralized training and decentralized execution. During the training, new agents may join, and existing agents may unexpectedly leave the training. In such situations, a standard deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-05 Xuting Tang , Jia Xu , Shusen Wang

The field of cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has seen widespread use in addressing complex coordination tasks. While value decomposition methods in MARL have been popular, they have limitations in solving tasks with…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Shanqi Liu , Weiwei Liu , Wenzhou Chen , Guanzhong Tian , Yong Liu

We discuss the problem of decentralized multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) in this work. In our setting, the global state, action, and reward are assumed to be fully observable, while the local policy is protected as privacy by each…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Kuo Li , Qing-Shan Jia