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The Bitcoin cryptocurrency records its transactions in a public log called the blockchain. Its security rests critically on the distributed protocol that maintains the blockchain, run by participants called miners. Conventional wisdom…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2013-11-18 Ittay Eyal , Emin Gun Sirer

We prove Bitcoin is secure under temporary dishonest majority. We assume the adversary can corrupt a specific fraction of parties and also introduce crash failures, i.e., some honest participants are offline during the execution of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-08-02 Georgia Avarikioti , Lukas Kaeppeli , Yuyi Wang , Roger Wattenhofer

Payment channel networks are an approach to improve the scalability of blockchain-based cryptocurrencies. The Lightning Network is a payment channel network built for Bitcoin that is already used in practice. Because the Lightning Network…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Matthias Grundmann , Hannes Hartenstein

One of the fundamental applications for a practically useful system of money is remuneration. Information pertaining to the amount of compensation awarded to different individuals is often considered sensitive, commanding a certain degree…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2017-03-14 S. Matthew English , Ehsan Nezhadian

Off-Chain transactions allow for the immediate transfer of Cryptocurrency between two parties, without delays or unavoidable transaction fees. Such capabilities are critical for mainstream Cryptocurrency adaption. They allow for the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-08-14 Leonard Apeltsin

Payment channel networks are an approach to improve the scalability of blockchain-based cryptocurrencies. Because payment channel networks are used for transfer of financial value, their security in the presence of adversarial participants…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Matthias Grundmann , Hannes Hartenstein

Anonymity in Bitcoin, a peer-to-peer electronic currency system, is a complicated issue. Within the system, users are identified by public-keys only. An attacker wishing to de-anonymize its users will attempt to construct the one-to-many…

Physics and Society · Physics 2012-05-08 Fergal Reid , Martin Harrigan

The Bitcoin cryptocurrency has received much attention recently. In the network of Bitcoin, transactions are recorded in a ledger. In this network, the process of recording transactions depends on some nodes called miners that execute a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Ali Nikhalat-Jahromi , Ali Mohammad Saghiri , Mohammad Reza Meybodi

This paper presents a complete formal specification, protocol description, and mathematical proof structure for Simplified Payment Verification (SPV) as originally defined in the Bitcoin whitepaper \cite{nakamoto2008}. In stark contrast to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Craig S Wright

Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency that features a distributed, decentralized and trustworthy mechanism, which has made Bitcoin a popular global transaction platform. The transaction efficiency among nations and the privacy benefiting from address…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-03-20 Yu-Jing Lin , Po-Wei Wu , Cheng-Han Hsu , I-Ping Tu , Shih-wei Liao

Electronic payment protocols play a vital role in electronic commerce security, which is essential for secure operation of electronic commerce activities. Formal method is an effective way to verify the security of protocols. But current…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-10-17 Yi Liu , Xingtong Liu , Lei Zhang , Jian Wang , Chaojing Tang

We propose an electronic payment protocol for typical customer-merchant relations which does not require a trusted (signed) payment descriptor to be sent from the merchant to the customer. Instead, the destination "account" number for the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2012-12-14 Ilja Gerhardt , Timo Hanke

In the cryptographic currency Bitcoin, all transactions are recorded in the blockchain - a public, global, and immutable ledger. Because transactions are public, Bitcoin and its users employ obfuscation to maintain a degree of financial…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2017-06-30 Arvind Narayanan , Malte Möser

Byzantine fault tolerant protocols enable state replication in the presence of crashed, malfunctioning, or actively malicious processes. Designing such protocols without the assistance of verification tools, however, is remarkably…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-09-23 Joel Wanner , Laurent Chuat , Adrian Perrig

Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer cryptographic currency system. Since its introduction in 2008, Bitcoin has gained noticeable popularity, mostly due to its following properties: (1) the transaction fees are very low, and (2) it is not controlled…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-07-01 Marcin Andrychowicz , Stefan Dziembowski , Daniel Malinowski , Łukasz Mazurek

A Blockchain is a global shared infrastructure where cryptocurrency transactions among addresses are recorded, validated and made publicly available in a peer- to-peer network. To date the best known and important cryptocurrency is the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-09-27 Andrea Pinna , Roberto Tonelli , Matteo Orrú , Michele Marchesi

Yeh et al. recently have proposed a mutual authentication protocol based on EPC Class-1 Gen.-2 standard [1]. They have claimed that their protocol is secure against adversarial attacks and also provides forward secrecy. In this paper we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2011-02-07 Mohammad Hassan Habibi , Mahmud Gardeshi , Mahdi R. Alaghband

It is known that Bitcoin enables achieving fairness in secure computation by imposing monetary penalties on adversarial parties. This functionality is called secure computation with penalties. Bentov and Kumaresan (Crypto 2014) introduced…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-27 Takeshi Nakai , Kazumasa Shinagawa

In this work, we present our early stage results on a Conflicts Check Protocol (CCP) that enables preventing potential attacks on bitcoin system. Based on the observation and discovery of a common symptom that many attacks may generate, CCP…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-02-28 Chen Yang , Haohong Wang

The rigorous security model of Bitcoin's UTXO architecture often comes at the cost of developer usability, forcing a reliance on manual stack manipulation that leads to critical financial vulnerabilities like signature malleability,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Hyunhum Cho , Ik Rae Jeong