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Autonomous navigation typically relies on power-intensive processors, limiting accessibility in low-cost robotics. Although microcontrollers offer a resource-efficient alternative, they impose strict constraints on model complexity. We…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Pooria Roy , Nourhan Jadallah. Tomer Lapid , Shahzaib Ahmad , Armita Afroushe , Mete Bayrak

Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) algorithms have seen extensive use in recent years, enabling wearable devices to be not only connected but also genuinely intelligent by running machine learning (ML) computations directly on-device. Among…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Massimo Pavan , Claudio Galimberti , Manuel Roveri

DTMM is a library designed for efficient deployment and execution of machine learning models on weak IoT devices such as microcontroller units (MCUs). The motivation for designing DTMM comes from the emerging field of tiny machine learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Lixiang Han , Zhen Xiao , Zhenjiang Li

This paper introduces EcoPull, a sustainable Internet of Things (IoT) framework empowered by tiny machine learning (TinyML) models for fetching images from wireless visual sensor networks. Two types of learnable TinyML models are installed…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Mathias Thorsager , Victor Croisfelt , Junya Shiraishi , Petar Popovski

Nowadays, Neural Networks represent a major expectation for the realization of powerful Deep Learning algorithms, which can determine several physical systems' behaviors and operations. Computational resources required for model, training,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Giulia Crocioni , Giambattista Gruosso , Danilo Pau , Davide Denaro , Luigi Zambrano , Giuseppe di Giore

The evolving requirements of Internet of Things (IoT) applications are driving an increasing shift toward bringing intelligence to the edge, enabling real-time insights and decision-making within resource-constrained environments. Tiny…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Guanghan Wu , Sasu Tarkoma , Roberto Morabito

This paper presents a lightweight K-Means anomaly detection model and a distributed model-sharing workflow designed for resource-constrained microcontrollers (MCUs). Using real power measurements from a mini-fridge appliance, the system…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Abdulrahman Albaiz , Fathi Amsaad

The Continuous Learning (CL) paradigm consists of continuously evolving the parameters of the Deep Neural Network (DNN) model to progressively learn to perform new tasks without reducing the performance on previous tasks, i.e., avoiding the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Eugenio Ressa , Alberto Marchisio , Maurizio Martina , Guido Masera , Muhammad Shafique

TinyML is a novel area of machine learning that gained huge momentum in the last few years thanks to the ability to execute machine learning algorithms on tiny devices (such as Internet-of-Things or embedded systems). Interestingly,…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Massimo Pavan , Gioele Mombelli , Francesco Sinacori , Manuel Roveri

Machine learning (ML) has become a pervasive tool across computing systems. An emerging application that stress-tests the challenges of ML system design is tiny robot learning, the deployment of ML on resource-constrained low-cost…

The advancement of technology has revolutionized the agricultural industry, transitioning it from labor-intensive farming practices to automated, AI-powered management systems. In recent years, more intelligent livestock monitoring…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Qianxue Zhang , Eiman Kanjo

Small-scale farming communities are disproportionately affected by water scarcity, erratic climate patterns, and a lack of access to advanced, affordable agricultural technologies. To address these challenges, this paper presents a novel,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Kamogelo Taueatsoala , Caitlyn Daniels , Angelina J. Ramsunar , Petrus Bronkhorst , Absalom E. Ezugwu

Advances in Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) have bolstered the creation of smart industry solutions, including smart agriculture, healthcare and smart cities. Whilst related research contributes to enabling TinyML solutions on constrained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Jared M. Ping , Ken J. Nixon

This literature review explores continual learning methods for on-device training in the context of neural networks (NNs) and decision trees (DTs) for classification tasks on smart environments. We highlight key constraints, such as data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Afonso Lourenço , João Rodrigo , João Gama , Goreti Marreiros

Internet of Things (IoT) has catapulted human ability to control our environments through ubiquitous sensing, communication, computation, and actuation. Over the past few years, IoT has joined forces with Machine Learning (ML) to embed deep…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-20 Shashank Bangalore Lakshman , Nasir U. Eisty

Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) has become a growing field in on-device processing for Internet of Things (IoT) applications, capitalizing on AI algorithms that are optimized for their low complexity and energy efficiency. These algorithms…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Asmer Hamid Ali , Mozhgan Navardi , Tinoosh Mohsenin

Running deep neural networks on microcontroller units (MCUs) is severely constrained by limited memory resources. While TinyML techniques reduce model size and computation, they often fail in practice due to excessive peak Random Access…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Junyu Lu , Shashwath Suresh , Hao Liu , Qi Hong , Qing Wang

The rise of IoT has increased the need for on-edge machine learning, with TinyML emerging as a promising solution for resource-constrained devices such as MCU. However, evaluating their performance remains challenging due to diverse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Pietro Bartoli , Christian Veronesi , Andrea Giudici , David Siorpaes , Diana Trojaniello , Franco Zappa

While there exist many ways to deploy machine learning models on microcontrollers, it is non-trivial to choose the optimal combination of frameworks and targets for a given application. Thus, automating the end-to-end benchmarking flow is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Philipp van Kempen , Rafael Stahl , Daniel Mueller-Gritschneder , Ulf Schlichtmann

In the last few years, research and development on Deep Learning models and techniques for ultra-low-power devices in a word, TinyML has mainly focused on a train-then-deploy assumption, with static models that cannot be adapted to newly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Leonardo Ravaglia , Manuele Rusci , Davide Nadalini , Alessandro Capotondi , Francesco Conti , Luca Benini