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Intent-based cross-chain bridges have emerged as an alternative to traditional interoperability protocols by allowing off-chain entities (\emph{solvers}) to immediately fulfill users' orders by fronting their own liquidity. While improving…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-23 André Augusto , Christof Ferreira Torres , André Vasconcelos , Miguel Correia

We study the feasibility, profitability, and prevalence of sandwich attacks on Ethereum rollups with private mempools. First, we extend a formal model of optimal front- and back-run sizing, relating attack profitability to victim trade…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Krzysztof Gogol , Manvir Schneider , Jan Gorzny , Claudio Tessone

Bribery is a perilous issue in the real world, especially in an economical aspect. This fraudulence is unavoidable, and more importantly, it is more difficult to trace in case smart contracts are utilized for bribing on a distributed public…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Quang Tran , Lin Chen , Lei Xu , Yang Lu , Rabimba Karanjai , Weidong Shi

In this study, we examine the behavior and profitability of modern malware that mines cryptocurrency. Unlike previous studies, we look at the cryptocurrency market as a whole, rather than just Bitcoin. We not only consider PCs, but also…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-01-31 Radhesh Krishnan Konoth , Rolf van Wegberg , Veelasha Moonsamy , Herbert Bos

Bitcoin and other similar digital currencies on blockchains are not ideal means for payment, because their prices tend to go up in the long term (thus people are incentivized to hoard those currencies), and to fluctuate widely in the short…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-05-17 Kenji Saito , Mitsuru Iwamura

A key component of security in decentralized blockchains is proof of opportunity cost among block producers. In the case of proof-of-work (PoW), currently used by the most prominent systems, the cost is due to spent computation. In this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-08 George Bissias , Rainer Böhme , David Thibodeau , Brian N. Levine

We model and analyze blockchain miners who seek to maximize the compound return of their mining businesses. The analysis of the optimal strategies finds a new equilibrium point among the miners and the mining pools, which predicts the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-07 Go Yamamoto , Aron Laszka , Fuhito Kojima

The Lightning Network promises to alleviate Bitcoin's known scalability problems. The operation of such second layer approaches relies on the ability of participants to turn to the blockchain to claim funds at any time, which is assumed to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-28 Jona Harris , Aviv Zohar

Despite the popularity of Hashed Time-Locked Contracts (HTLCs) because of their use in wide areas of applications such as payment channels, atomic swaps, etc, their use in exchange is still questionable. This is because of its incentive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Nitin Awathare

In blockchain-based order book systems, buyers and sellers trade assets, while it is miners to match them and include their transactions in the blockchain. It is found that many miners behave selfishly and myopically, prioritizing…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Yunshu Liu , Lingjie Duan

Proof-of-work allows Bitcoin to boast security amidst arbitrary fluctuations in participation of miners throughout time, so long as, at any point in time, a majority of hash power is honest. In recent years, however, the pendulum has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Yuval Efron , Joachim Neu , Toniann Pitassi

Strategic mining attacks, such as selfish mining, exploit blockchain consensus protocols by deviating from honest behavior to maximize rewards. Markov Decision Process (MDP) analysis faces scalability challenges in modern digital economics,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Jichen Li , Lijia Xie , Hanting Huang , Bo Zhou , Binfeng Song , Wanying Zeng , Xiaotie Deng , Xiao Zhang

Numerous blockchain applications are designed with tasks that naturally have finite durations, and hence, a double-spending attack (DSA) on such blockchain applications leans towards being conducted within a finite timeframe, specifically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Yiming Jiang , Jiangfan Zhang

Bitcoin-NG, a scalable blockchain protocol, divides each block into a key block and many micro blocks to effectively improve the transaction processing capacity. Bitcoin-NG has a special incentive mechanism (i.e. splitting transaction fees…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Taotao Wang , Xiaoqian Bai , Hao Wang , Soung Chang Liew , Shengli Zhang

Mining blocks in a blockchain using the \textit{Proof-of-Work} consensus protocol involves significant risk, as network participants face continuous operational costs while earning infrequent capital gains upon successfully mining a block.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Pierre-Olivier Goffard , Hansjoerg Albrecher , Jean-Pierre Fouque

We improve the fundamental security threshold of eventual consensus Proof-of-Stake (PoS) blockchain protocols under the longest-chain rule by showing, for the first time, the positive effect of rounds with concurrent honest leaders. Current…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-30 Aggelos Kiayias , Saad Quader , Alexander Russell

Selfish mining, which is an attack on the integrity of the Bitcoin network, was first proposed by Cornell researchers Emin Gun Sirer and Ittay Eyal in 2013. Selfish mining attack also exists in most Nakamoto consensus protocols. Generally…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-09-18 Rui Tian , Wei Gong

Recently, several works conjectured the vulnerabilities of mainstream blockchains under several network attacks. All these attacks translate into showing that the assumptions of these blockchains can be violated in theory or under…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-05-15 Parinya Ekparinya , Vincent Gramoli , Guillaume Jourjon

We study the strategic considerations of miners participating in the bitcoin's protocol. We formulate and study the stochastic game that underlies these strategic considerations. The miners collectively build a tree of blocks, and they are…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-07-11 Aggelos Kiayias , Elias Koutsoupias , Maria Kyropoulou , Yiannis Tselekounis

Blockchain plays a crucial role in ensuring the security and integrity of decentralized systems, with the proof-of-work (PoW) mechanism being fundamental for achieving distributed consensus. As PoW blockchains see broader adoption, an…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-07 Xunqiang Lan , Xiao Tang , Ruonan Zhang , Bin Li , Qinghe Du , Dusit Niyato , Zhu Han