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Neural networks have a reputation for being better at solving statistical or approximate problems than at performing calculations or working with symbolic data. In this paper, we show that they can be surprisingly good at more elaborated…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2019-12-04 Guillaume Lample , François Charton

Despite significant progress in the development of neural-symbolic frameworks, the question of how to integrate a neural and a symbolic system in a \emph{compositional} manner remains open. Our work seeks to fill this gap by treating these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Efthymia Tsamoura , Loizos Michael

While neural network approaches are achieving breakthrough performance in the natural language related fields, there have been few similar attempts at mathematical language related tasks. In this study, we explore the potential of applying…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-08-30 Liangcai Gao , Zhuoren Jiang , Yue Yin , Ke Yuan , Zuoyu Yan , Zhi Tang

Signal processing traditionally relies on classical statistical modeling techniques. Such model-based methods utilize mathematical formulations that represent the underlying physics, prior information and additional domain knowledge. Simple…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-08 Nir Shlezinger , Yonina C. Eldar

Deep learning is bringing remarkable contributions to the field of argumentation mining, but the existing approaches still need to fill the gap toward performing advanced reasoning tasks. In this position paper, we posit that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-01-29 Andrea Galassi , Kristian Kersting , Marco Lippi , Xiaoting Shao , Paolo Torroni

Deep learning (DL) based language models achieve high performance on various benchmarks for Natural Language Inference (NLI). And at this time, symbolic approaches to NLI are receiving less attention. Both approaches (symbolic and DL) have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Zeming Chen , Qiyue Gao , Lawrence S. Moss

Over the last decades, deep neural networks based-models became the dominant paradigm in machine learning. Further, the use of artificial neural networks in symbolic learning has been seen as increasingly relevant recently. To study the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 João Flach , Alvaro F. Moreira , Luis C. Lamb

Symbolic computation, powered by modern computer algebra systems, has important applications in mathematical reasoning through exact deep computations. The efficiency of symbolic computation is largely constrained by such deep computations…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Rui-Juan Jing , Yuegang Zhao , Changbo Chen

Symbolic integration is a fundamental problem in mathematics: we consider how machine learning may be used to optimise this task in a Computer Algebra System (CAS). We train transformers that predict whether a particular integration method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Rashid Barket , Uzma Shafiq , Matthew England , Juergen Gerhard

The goal of neural-symbolic computation is to integrate the connectionist and symbolist paradigms. Prior methods learn the neural-symbolic models using reinforcement learning (RL) approaches, which ignore the error propagation in the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-29 Qing Li , Siyuan Huang , Yining Hong , Yixin Chen , Ying Nian Wu , Song-Chun Zhu

While large models pre-trained on high-quality data exhibit excellent performance on mathematical reasoning (e.g., GSM8k, MultiArith), it remains challenging to specialize smaller models for these tasks. Common approaches to address this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Neeraj Gangwar , Suma P Bhat , Nickvash Kani

Computer Algebra Systems (e.g. Maple) are used in research, education, and industrial settings. One of their key functionalities is symbolic integration, where there are many sub-algorithms to choose from that can affect the form of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Rashid Barket , Matthew England , Jürgen Gerhard

Deep learning has largely improved the performance of various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, most deep learning models are black-box machinery, and lack explicit interpretation. In this chapter, we will introduce our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Xianggen Liu , Zhengdong Lu , Lili Mou

Deep learning has been recently applied to many problems in wireless communications including modulation classification and symbol decoding. Many of the existing end-to-end learning approaches demonstrated robustness to signal distortions…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-15 Samer Hanna , Chris Dick , Danijela Cabric

Large language models (LLMs) can prove mathematical theorems formally by generating proof steps (\textit{a.k.a.} tactics) within a proof system. However, the space of possible tactics is vast and complex, while the available training data…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Zenan Li , Zhaoyu Li , Wen Tang , Xian Zhang , Yuan Yao , Xujie Si , Fan Yang , Kaiyu Yang , Xiaoxing Ma

Recent advances in machine learning, particularly deep learning, have enabled autonomous systems to perceive and comprehend objects and their environments in a perceptual subsymbolic manner. These systems can now perform object detection,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Amr Gomaa , Michael Feld

Research on integrated neural-symbolic systems has made significant progress in the recent past. In particular the understanding of ways to deal with symbolic knowledge within connectionist systems (also called artificial neural networks)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Sebastian Bader , Pascal Hitzler

Recent progress in deep reinforcement learning (DRL) can be largely attributed to the use of neural networks. However, this black-box approach fails to explain the learned policy in a human understandable way. To address this challenge and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Zhihao Ma , Yuzheng Zhuang , Paul Weng , Hankz Hankui Zhuo , Dong Li , Wulong Liu , Jianye Hao

Computational models of pragmatic language use have traditionally relied on hand-specified sets of utterances and meanings, limiting their applicability to real-world language use. We propose a neuro-symbolic framework that enhances…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Polina Tsvilodub , Robert D. Hawkins , Michael Franke

Large language models (LLMs) are a promising venue for natural language understanding and generation. However, current LLMs are far from reliable: they are prone to generating non-factual information and, more crucially, to contradicting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Diego Calanzone , Stefano Teso , Antonio Vergari