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Politically sensitive topics are still a challenge for open-domain chatbots. However, dealing with politically sensitive content in a responsible, non-partisan, and safe behavior way is integral for these chatbots. Currently, the main…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Yejin Bang , Nayeon Lee , Etsuko Ishii , Andrea Madotto , Pascale Fung

The fundamental problem in toxicity detection task lies in the fact that the toxicity is ill-defined. This causes us to rely on subjective and vague data in models' training, which results in non-robust and non-accurate results: garbage in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Sergey Berezin , Reza Farahbakhsh , Noel Crespi

Since state-of-the-art approaches to offensive language detection rely on supervised learning, it is crucial to quickly adapt them to the continuously evolving scenario of social media. While several approaches have been proposed to tackle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Elisa Leonardelli , Stefano Menini , Alessio Palmero Aprosio , Marco Guerini , Sara Tonelli

Detecting harmful content on social media, such as Twitter, is made difficult by the fact that the seemingly simple yes/no classification conceals a significant amount of complexity. Unfortunately, while several datasets have been collected…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Saad Almohaimeed , Saleh Almohaimeed , Ashfaq Ali Shafin , Bogdan Carbunar , Ladislau Bölöni

The rise of social networks has not only facilitated communication but also allowed the spread of harmful content. Although significant advances have been made in detecting toxic language in textual data, the exploration of concept-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Samarth Garg , Divya Singh , Deeksha Varshney , Mamta

Recent advances in natural language processing and machine learning have led to the development of chatbot models, such as ChatGPT, that can engage in conversational dialogue with human users. However, the ability of these models to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Bocheng Chen , Guangjing Wang , Hanqing Guo , Yuanda Wang , Qiben Yan

Chatbots are used in many applications, e.g., automated agents, smart home assistants, interactive characters in online games, etc. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure they do not behave in undesired manners, providing offensive or toxic…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-09-12 Wai Man Si , Michael Backes , Jeremy Blackburn , Emiliano De Cristofaro , Gianluca Stringhini , Savvas Zannettou , Yang Zhang

Online abusive behavior is an important issue that breaks the cohesiveness of online social communities and even raises public safety concerns in our societies. Motivated by this rising issue, researchers have proposed, collected, and…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-06-25 Md Rabiul Awal , Rui Cao , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Sandra Mitrović

Machine learning models are commonly used to detect toxicity in online conversations. These models are trained on datasets annotated by human raters. We explore how raters' self-described identities impact how they annotate toxicity in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Nitesh Goyal , Ian Kivlichan , Rachel Rosen , Lucy Vasserman

The evolution of digital communication systems and the designs of online platforms have inadvertently facilitated the subconscious propagation of toxic behavior. Giving rise to reactive responses to toxic behavior. Toxicity in online…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Smita Khapre , Melkamu Abay Mersha , Hassan Shakil , Jonali Baruah , Jugal Kalita

Toxic speech, also known as hate speech, is regarded as one of the crucial issues plaguing online social media today. Most recent work on toxic speech detection is constrained to the modality of text and written conversations with very…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Sreyan Ghosh , Samden Lepcha , S Sakshi , Rajiv Ratn Shah , S. Umesh

Toxic content detection in online communication remains a significant challenge, with current solutions often inadvertently blocking valuable information, including medical terms and text related to minority groups. This paper presents a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Melania Berbatova , Tsvetoslav Vasev

The advent of social media transformed interpersonal communication and information consumption processes. This digital landscape accommodates user intentions, also resulting in an increase of offensive language and harmful behavior.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Kasper Cools , Gideon Mailette de Buy Wenniger , Clara Maathuis

This study explores real-world human interactions with large language models (LLMs) in diverse, unconstrained settings in contrast to most prior research focusing on ethically trimmed models like ChatGPT for specific tasks. We aim to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Johannes Schneider , Arianna Casanova Flores , Anne-Catherine Kranz

Text data can pose a risk of harm. However, the risks are not fully understood, and how to handle, present, and discuss harmful text in a safe way remains an unresolved issue in the NLP community. We provide an analytical framework…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Hannah Rose Kirk , Abeba Birhane , Bertie Vidgen , Leon Derczynski

Data-driven analysis and detection of abusive online content covers many different tasks, phenomena, contexts, and methodologies. This paper systematically reviews abusive language dataset creation and content in conjunction with an open…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Bertie Vidgen , Leon Derczynski

The proliferation of harmful online content--e.g., toxicity, spam, and negative sentiment--demands robust and adaptable moderation systems. However, prevailing moderation systems are centralized and task-specific, offering limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Rufan Zhang , Lin Zhang , Xianghang Mi

Climate change communication in the mass media and other textual sources may affect and shape public perception. Extracting climate change information from these sources is an important task, e.g., for filtering content and e-discovery,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Francesco S. Varini , Jordan Boyd-Graber , Massimiliano Ciaramita , Markus Leippold

As public discourse continues to move and grow online, conversations about divisive topics on social media platforms have also increased. These divisive topics prompt both contentious and non-contentious conversations. Although what…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-07 Jacob Beel , Tong Xiang , Sandeep Soni , Diyi Yang

Moderating offensive, hateful, and toxic language has always been an important but challenging topic in the domain of safe use in NLP. The emerging large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, can potentially further accentuate this…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Boyang Zhang , Xinyue Shen , Wai Man Si , Zeyang Sha , Zeyuan Chen , Ahmed Salem , Yun Shen , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang