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The field of information retrieval often works with limited and noisy data in an attempt to classify documents into subjective categories, e.g., relevance, sentiment and controversy. We typically quantify a notion of agreement to understand…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-06-14 John Foley

Despite extensive research on toxic speech detection in text, a critical gap remains in handling spoken Mandarin audio. The lack of annotated datasets that capture the unique prosodic cues and culturally specific expressions in Mandarin…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-22 Yu-Xiang Luo , Yi-Cheng Lin , Ming-To Chuang , Jia-Hung Chen , I-Ning Tsai , Pei Xing Kiew , Yueh-Hsuan Huang , Chien-Feng Liu , Yu-Chen Chen , Bo-Han Feng , Wenze Ren , Hung-yi Lee

Toxic contents in online product review are a common phenomenon. A content is perceived to be toxic when it is rude, disrespectful, or unreasonable and make individuals leave the discussion. Machine learning algorithms helps the sell side…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Mayukh Mukhopadhyay , Sangeeta Sahney

The abstract outlines the problem of toxic comments on social media platforms, where individuals use disrespectful, abusive, and unreasonable language that can drive users away from discussions. This behavior is referred to as anti-social…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-17 K. Poojitha , A. Sai Charish , M. Arun Kuamr Reddy , S. Ayyasamy

Humor generation is a challenging task in natural language processing due to limited resources and the quality of existing datasets. Available humor language resources often suffer from toxicity and duplication, limiting their effectiveness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Dmitry Vikhorev , Daria Galimzianova , Svetlana Gorovaia , Elizaveta Zhemchuzhina , Ivan P. Yamshchikov

Risk perception is subjective, and youth's understanding of toxic content differs from that of adults. Although previous research has conducted extensive studies on toxicity detection in social media, the investigation of youth's unique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yaqiong Li , Peng Zhang , Lin Wang , Hansu Gu , Siyuan Qiao , Ning Gu , Tun Lu

Toxicity in bug report discussions poses significant challenges to the collaborative dynamics of open-source software development. Bug reports are crucial for identifying and resolving defects, yet their inherently problem-focused nature…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Mia Mohammad Imran , Jaydeb Sarker

NSFW (Not Safe for Work) content, in the context of a dialogue, can have severe side effects on users in open-domain dialogue systems. However, research on detecting NSFW language, especially sexually explicit content, within a dialogue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Huachuan Qiu , Shuai Zhang , Hongliang He , Anqi Li , Zhenzhong Lan

Abusive language detection has become an increasingly important task as a means to tackle this type of harmful content in social media. There has been a substantial body of research developing models for determining if a social media post…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Raneem Alharthi , Rajwa Alharthi , Aiqi Jiang , Arkaitz Zubiaga

Data-driven statistical Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques leverage large amounts of language data to build models that can understand language. However, most language data reflect the public discourse at the time the data was…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-11 Vinodkumar Prabhakaran , Ben Hutchinson , Margaret Mitchell

Content moderation typically combines the efforts of human moderators and machine learning models. However, these systems often rely on data where significant disagreement occurs during moderation, reflecting the subjective nature of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Guillermo Villate-Castillo , Javier Del Ser , Borja Sanz

We consider the distinction between intended and perceived sarcasm in the context of textual sarcasm detection. The former occurs when an utterance is sarcastic from the perspective of its author, while the latter occurs when the utterance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Silviu Oprea , Walid Magdy

With the recent rise of toxicity in online conversations on social media platforms, using modern machine learning algorithms for toxic comment detection has become a central focus of many online applications. Researchers and companies have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-30 Ameya Vaidya , Feng Mai , Yue Ning

Social media is filled with toxic content. The aim of this paper is to build a model that can detect insincere questions. We use the 'Quora Insincere Questions Classification' dataset for our analysis. The dataset is composed of sincere and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Deepshi Mediratta , Nikhil Oswal

Generic `toxicity' classifiers continue to be used for evaluating the potential for harm in natural language generation, despite mounting evidence of their shortcomings. We consider the challenge of measuring misogyny in natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Aaron J. Snoswell , Lucinda Nelson , Hao Xue , Flora D. Salim , Nicolas Suzor , Jean Burgess

The strive to make AI applications "safe" has led to the development of safety-measures as the main or even sole normative requirement of their permissible use. Similar can be attested to the latest version of chatbots, such as chatGPT. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-01 Hendrik Kempt , Alon Lavie , Saskia K. Nagel

The detection of sensitive content in large datasets is crucial for ensuring that shared and analysed data is free from harmful material. However, current moderation tools, such as external APIs, suffer from limitations in customisation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Dimosthenis Antypas , Indira Sen , Carla Perez-Almendros , Jose Camacho-Collados , Francesco Barbieri

Interpretations of a single sentence can vary, particularly when its context is lost. This paper aims to simulate how readers perceive content with varying toxicity levels by generating diverse interpretations of out-of-context sentences.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Maria Mihaela Trusca , Liesbeth Allein

The datasets most widely used for abusive language detection contain lists of messages, usually tweets, that have been manually judged as abusive or not by one or more annotators, with the annotation performed at message level. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Stefano Menini , Alessio Palmero Aprosio , Sara Tonelli

The argument for persistent social media influence campaigns, often funded by malicious entities, is gaining traction. These entities utilize instrumented profiles to disseminate divisive content and disinformation, shaping public…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-26 Hina Qayyum , Muhammad Ikram , Benjamin Zi Hao Zhao , an D. Wood , Nicolas Kourtellis , Mohamed Ali Kaafar