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Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated outstanding performance, making them valuable digital assets with significant commercial potential. Unfortunately, the LLM and its API are susceptible to intellectual property theft.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Shuai Li , Kejiang Chen , Kunsheng Tang , Jie Zhang , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu , Kai Zeng

Federated learning is a distributed learning technique where machine learning models are trained on client devices in which the local training data resides. The training is coordinated via a central server which is, typically, controlled by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Buse Gul Atli , Yuxi Xia , Samuel Marchal , N. Asokan

In practical application, the widespread deployment of diffusion models often necessitates substantial investment in training. As diffusion models find increasingly diverse applications, concerns about potential misuse highlight the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Jijia Yang , Sen Peng , Xiaohua Jia

Code datasets are of immense value for training neural-network-based code completion models, where companies or organizations have made substantial investments to establish and process these datasets. Unluckily, these datasets, either built…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Zhensu Sun , Xiaoning Du , Fu Song , Li Li

Training high performance Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) models require large-scale and high-quality datasets. The expensive cost of collecting and annotating large-scale datasets make the valuable datasets can be considered as the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Mingfu Xue , Yinghao Wu , Yushu Zhang , Jian Wang , Weiqiang Liu

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), as valuable intellectual property, face unauthorized use. Existing protections, such as digital watermarking, are largely passive; they provide only post-hoc ownership verification and cannot actively prevent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Han Yang , Shaofeng Li , Tian Dong , Xiangyu Xu , Guangchi Liu , Zhen Ling

Model watermarking techniques can embed watermark information into the protected model for ownership declaration by constructing specific input-output pairs. However, existing watermarks are easily removed when facing model stealing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yunfei Yang , Xiaojun Chen , Yuexin Xuan , Zhendong Zhao , Xin Zhao , He Li

Digital watermarking has been widely studied for the protection of intellectual property. Traditional watermarking schemes often design in a "wider" rule, which applies one general embedding mechanism to all images. But this will limit the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Zhaoyang Jia , Han Fang , Zehua Ma , Weiming Zhang

In today's digital landscape, the blending of AI-generated and authentic content has underscored the need for copyright protection and content authentication. Watermarking has become a vital tool to address these challenges, safeguarding…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Runyi Hu , Jie Zhang , Yiming Li , Jiwei Li , Qing Guo , Han Qiu , Tianwei Zhang

Physical design watermarking on contemporary integrated circuit (IC) layout encodes signatures without considering the dense connections and design constraints, which could lead to performance degradation on the watermarked products. This…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Ruisi Zhang , Rachel Selina Rajarathnam , David Z. Pan , Farinaz Koushanfar

Creating a state-of-the-art deep-learning system requires vast amounts of data, expertise, and hardware, yet research into embedding copyright protection for neural networks has been limited. One of the main methods for achieving such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-27 William Aiken , Hyoungshick Kim , Simon Woo

Deep neural networks (DNNs) rely heavily on high-quality open-source datasets (e.g., ImageNet) for their success, making dataset ownership verification (DOV) crucial for protecting public dataset copyrights. In this paper, we find existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Ting Qiao , Yiming Li , Jianbin Li , Yingjia Wang , Leyi Qi , Junfeng Guo , Ruili Feng , Dacheng Tao

Deep Learning (DL) models have become crucial in digital transformation, thus raising concerns about their intellectual property rights. Different watermarking techniques have been developed to protect Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) from IP…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Alessandro Pegoraro , Carlotta Segna , Kavita Kumari , Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi

This paper proves a new watermarking method to embed the ownership information into a deep neural network (DNN), which is robust to fine-tuning. Specifically, we prove that when the input feature of a convolutional layer only contains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Ling Tang , Yuefeng Chen , Hui Xue , Quanshi Zhang

Watermarking embeds information into digital content like images, audio, or text, imperceptible to humans but robustly detectable by specific algorithms. This technology has important applications in many challenges of the industry such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Pierre Fernandez

Generative models have enabled easy creation and generation of images of all kinds given a single prompt. However, this has also raised ethical concerns about what is an actual piece of content created by humans or cameras compared to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Aryaman Shaan , Garvit Banga , Raghav Mantri

Neural networks have increasingly influenced people's lives. Ensuring the faithful deployment of neural networks as designed by their model owners is crucial, as they may be susceptible to various malicious or unintentional modifications,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-05 ZhenZhe Gao , Zhenjun Tang , Zhaoxia Yin , Baoyuan Wu , Yue Lu

DNN watermarking is receiving an increasing attention as a suitable mean to protect the Intellectual Property Rights associated to DNN models. Several methods proposed so far are inspired to the popular Spread Spectrum (SS) paradigm…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Yue Li , Benedetta Tondi , Mauro Barni

High-fidelity text-to-image diffusion models have revolutionized visual content generation, but their widespread use raises significant ethical concerns, including intellectual property protection and the misuse of synthetic media. To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Yunzhuo Chen , Naveed Akhtar , Nur Al Hasan Haldar , Ajmal Mian

Deep neural networks (DNNs) deployed in a cloud often allow users to query models via the APIs. However, these APIs expose the models to model extraction attacks (MEAs). In this attack, the attacker attempts to duplicate the target model by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Satoru Koda , Ikuya Morikawa