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5G New Radio (NR) is a key enabler of accurate positioning in smart cities and smart factories. This paper presents the experimental results from three 5G positioning testbeds running open-source OpenAirInterface (OAI) gNB and Core Network…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Mohsen Ahadi , Adeel Malik , Omid Esrafilian , Florian Kaltenberger , Cedric Thienot

We present the new Orthogonal Polynomials Approximation Algorithm (OPAA), a parallelizable algorithm that estimates probability distributions using functional analytic approach: first, it finds a smooth functional estimate of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Lilian W. Bialokozowicz

This letter proposes an algebraic solution for the problem of 3-D source localization utilizing the minimum number of measurements, i.e., one Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) and one Angle of Arrival (AOA) pair. The proposed method employs…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-13 Mojtaba Amiri , Rouhollah Amiri

We consider the following positioning problem where several base stations (BS) try to locate a user equipment (UE): The UE sends a positioning signal to several BS. Each BS performs Angle of Arrival (AoA) measurements on the received…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Viet-Hoa Nguyen , Vincent Corlay , Nicolas Gresset , Cristina Ciochina

This paper proposes two efficient and easy-to-use error mitigation solutions to the problem of three-dimensional (3-D) angle-of-arrival (AOA) source localization in the mixed line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) indoor…

Wireless high-accuracy positioning has recently attracted growing research interest due to diversified nature of applications such as industrial asset tracking, autonomous driving, process automation, and many more. However, obtaining a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-12 Anil Kirmaz , Taylan Şahin , Diomidis S. Michalopoulos , Muhammad Ikram Ashraf , Wolfgang Gerstacker

Indoor positioning faces ongoing challenges due to complex propagation conditions, such as multipath propagation, signal blockages, and intrinsic target characteristics that substantially impact measurement reliability and positioning…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-23 Maximiliano Rivera Figueroa , Jannis Held , Pradyumna Kumar Bishoyi , Marina Petrova

Time-based indoor positioning techniques rely on multiple access points (APs) and measurements between the user equipment (UE) and the APs. In dense indoor environments, occlusion-induced non-line-of-sight (NLoS) propagation introduces…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-20 Neetu R. R , Shrihari Vasudevan , Ranjani H. G

A robust and accurate positioning solution is required to increase the safety in GPS-denied environments. Although there is a lot of available research in this area, little has been done for confined environments such as tunnels. Therefore,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-02-19 Vladimir Savic , Javier Ferrer-Coll , Per Angskog , Jose Chilo , Peter Stenumgaard , Erik G. Larsson

An indoor localization approach uses Wi-Fi Access Points (APs) to estimate the Direction of Arrival (DoA) of the WiFi signals. This paper demonstrates FIND, a tool for Fine INDoor localization based on a software-defined radio, which…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-03-10 Evgeny Khorov , Aleksey Kureev , Vladislav Molodtsov

This paper presents a comprehensive exploration of Angle of Arrival (AoA) estimation techniques in 5G environments, using the Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) in Uplink scenarios both in simulations and with actual measurements. Leveraging…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-26 Thodoris Spanos , Fran Fabra , José A. López-Salcedo , Gonzalo Seco-Granados , Nikos Kanistras , Ivan Lapin , Vassilis Paliouras

Accurate positioning is a key enabler for emerging 5G applications. While the standardized Location Management Function (LMF) operates centrally within the core network, its scalability and latency limitations hinder low-latency and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Alberto Ceresoli , Viola Bernazzoli , Roberto Pegurri , Ilario Filippini

Stochastic localization is a pathwise analysis technique originating from convex geometry. This paper explores certain algorithmic aspects of stochastic localization as a computational tool. First, we unify various existing stochastic…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-05-20 Tom Alberts , Yiming Xu , Qiang Ye

As we move towards 6G, the demand for high-precision, cost-effective positioning solutions becomes increasingly critical. Single-anchor positioning offers a promising alternative to traditional multi-anchor approaches, particularly in…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-06 Thodoris Spanos , Fran Fabra , José A. López-Salcedo , Gonzalo Seco-Granados , Nikos Kanistras , Ivan Lapin , Vassilis Paliouras

In this work, we consider the problem of localizing multiple signal sources based on time-difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements. In the blind setting, in which the source signals are not known, the localization task is challenging due…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-18 Gabrielle Flood , Filip Elvander

Multi-static backscatter networks (BNs) are strong candidates for joint communication and localization in the ambient IoT paradigm for 6G. Enabling real-time localization in large-scale multi-static deployments with thousands of devices…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-17 Tara Esmaeilbeig , Kartik Patel , Traian E. Abrudan , John Kimionis , Eleftherios Kampianakis , Michael S. Eggleston

Machine learning is a promising technique for angle-of-arrival (AOA) estimation of waves impinging a sensor array. However, the majority of the methods proposed so far only consider a known, fixed number of impinging waves, i.e., a fixed…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-19 Noud Kanters , Andrés Alayón Glazunov

The localization of multiple signal sources using sensor arrays has been a long-standing research challenge. While numerous solutions have been developed, signal space methods like MUSIC and ESPRIT have gained widespread popularity. As…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-22 Mehdi Haghshenas , Aamir Mahmood , Mikael Gidlund

This paper presents a stochastic geometry-based analysis of propagation statistics for 5G millimeter wave (mm-wave) cellular. In particular, the time-of-arrival (TOA) and angle-of-arrival (AOA) distributions of the first-arriving multipath…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Christopher E. O'Lone , Harpreet S. Dhillon , R. Michael Buehrer

The research presented in this paper is aimed at developing a control algorithm for an autonomous surface system carrying a two-sensor array consisting of two acoustic receivers, capable of measuring the time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Filip Mandić , Nikola Mišković , Ivan Lončar