Related papers: The smallest fluid on earth
The journal Nature recently published a letter titled "Creating small circular, elliptical, and triangular droplets of quark-gluon plasma" [1]. The basis for that claim is a combination of measured Fourier amplitudes $v_2$ and $v_3$ from…
The extreme conditions of temperature and density produced in ultrarelativistic collisions of heavy nuclei facilitate the formation of the most fundamental fluid in the universe, the deconfined phase of Quantum Chromodynamics called…
High multiplicity final states of small collision systems, such as proton-proton or proton-nucleus, exhibit some signatures which resemble features associated with quark-gluon plasma (QGP) formation in heavy-ion collisions, e.g., collective…
The presence of correlations between particles significantly separated in pseudorapidity in proton-proton and proton-nucleus collisions revealed surprises in the early LHC data. Are the physical processes responsible for the observed…
Experimental data from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) suggests that the quark gluon plasma behaves almost like an ideal fluid. Due to its short lifetime, many QGP properties can only be inferred indirectly through a comparison…
Relativistic heavy ion collisions produce nuclei-sized droplets of quark-gluon plasma whose expansion is well described by viscous hydrodynamic calculations. Over the past half decade, this formalism was also found to apply to smaller…
The fluid-dynamical modeling of a nuclear collision at high energy usually starts shortly after the collision. A major source of uncertainty comes from the detailed modeling of the initial state. While the collision itself likely involves…
I review recent developments in the field of relativistic hydrodynamics and its application to the bulk dynamics in heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy- Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In particular, I…
Relativistic heavy ion collisions generate nuclear-sized droplets of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) that exhibit nearly inviscid hydrodynamic expansion. Smaller collision systems such as p+Au, d+Au, and $^{3}$He+Au at the Relativistic Heavy Ion…
The quark-gluon plasma produced by collisions between ultra-relativistic heavy nuclei is well described in the language of hydrodynamics. Non-central collisions are characterized by very large angular momentum, which in a fluid system…
Strangeness enhancement and collective flow are considered signatures of the quark gluon plasma formation. These phenomena have been detected not only in relativistic heavy ion collisions but also in high energy, high multiplicity events of…
Relativistic hydrodynamics has been quite successful in explaining the collective behaviour of the QCD matter produced in high energy heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and LHC. We briefly review the latest developments in the hydrodynamical…
Theoretical studies on the early-time dynamics in the ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions are reviewed including pedagogical introductions on the initial condition with small-x gluons treated as a color glass condensate, the bottom-up…
Ultrarelativistic collisions between heavy nuclei briefly generate the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), a new state of matter characterized by deconfined partons last seen microseconds after the Big Bang. The properties of the QGP are of intense…
The quark--gluon plasma produced in relativistic heavy--ion collisions behaves as a nearly perfect fluid characterized by an exceptionally small shear viscosity to entropy density ratio. Understanding the microscopic origin of this small…
The discovery of collectivity in proton-proton collisions, is one of the most puzzling outcomes from the two first runs at LHC, as it points to the possibility of creation of a Quark-Gluon Plasma, earlier believed to only be created in…
Experimental results obtained at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) have been interpreted in terms of a strongly interacting quark gluon plasma. The strongly interacting plasma is characterized by ``perfect fluidity'', i.e. a ratio…
An elementary introduction to the physics of quark-gluon plasma is given. We start with a sketchy presentation of the Quantum Chromodynamics which is the fundamental theory of strong interactions. The structure of hadrons built up of quarks…
The RHIC program was intended to identify and study the quark-gluon plasma formed in the collision of heavy nuclei. The discovery of the "perfect liquid" is an essential step towards the understanding of the medium formed in these…
I review recent developments in the phenomenological study of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) transport properties based on a personal selection of results that were presented at Quark Matter 2019. The constraints on the temperature dependence…