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Finite-width fully connected neural networks with Gaussian-initialized weights deviate from their infinite-width Gaussian limit, exhibiting non-vanishing higher-order cumulants. We approximate these deviations, for a neural network…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-26 Lucia Celli

Using Stein's method techniques introduced by Chatterjee (2008) and further extended by Kasprzak and Peccati (2022) and by Lachi\`eze-Rey and Peccati (2017), we derive novel quantitative bounds on the convergence in distribution of…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-01-30 Lucia Celli

Deep neural networks (DNNs) in the infinite width/channel limit have received much attention recently, as they provide a clear analytical window to deep learning via mappings to Gaussian Processes (GPs). Despite its theoretical appeal, this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Gadi Naveh , Zohar Ringel

We study the large-width asymptotics of random fully connected neural networks with weights drawn from $\alpha$-stable distributions, a family of heavy-tailed distributions arising as the limiting distributions in the Gnedenko-Kolmogorov…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-03-12 Tomás Soto

Bayesian neural networks are theoretically well-understood only in the infinite-width limit, where Gaussian priors over network weights yield Gaussian priors over network outputs. Recent work has suggested that finite Bayesian networks may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-16 Jacob A. Zavatone-Veth , Cengiz Pehlevan

A recent line of works studied wide deep neural networks (DNNs) by approximating them as Gaussian Processes (GPs). A DNN trained with gradient flow was shown to map to a GP governed by the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK), whereas earlier works…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-15 Gadi Naveh , Oded Ben-David , Haim Sompolinsky , Zohar Ringel

We study the Finite-Dimensional Distributions (FDDs) of deep neural networks with randomly initialized weights that have finite-order moments. Specifically, we establish Gaussian approximation bounds in the Wasserstein-$1$ norm between the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-05 Krishnakumar Balasubramanian , Nathan Ross

From the classical and influential works of Neal (1996), it is known that the infinite width scaling limit of a Bayesian neural network with one hidden layer is a Gaussian process, when the network weights have bounded prior variance.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-06 Jorge Loría , Anindya Bhadra

As a generalization of the work in [Lee et al., 2017], this note briefly discusses when the prior of a neural network output follows a Gaussian process, and how a neural-network-induced Gaussian process is formulated. The posterior mean…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Mengwu Guo

The method recently introduced in arXiv:2011.10115 realizes a deep neural network with just a single nonlinear element and delayed feedback. It is applicable for the description of physically implemented neural networks. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-04 Florian Stelzer , Serhiy Yanchuk

For a large class of feature maps we provide a tight asymptotic characterisation of the test error associated with learning the readout layer, in the high-dimensional limit where the input dimension, hidden layer widths, and number of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-11 Dominik Schröder , Daniil Dmitriev , Hugo Cui , Bruno Loureiro

A common theoretical approach to understanding neural networks is to take an infinite-width limit, at which point the outputs become Gaussian process (GP) distributed. This is known as a neural network Gaussian process (NNGP). However, the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-26 Ben Anson , Edward Milsom , Laurence Aitchison

We give a proof that, under relatively mild conditions, fully-connected feed-forward deep random neural networks converge to a Gaussian mixture distribution as only the width of the last hidden layer goes to infinity. We conducted…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-04-27 Yasuhiko Asao , Ryotaro Sakamoto , Shiro Takagi

Probabilistic neural networks are typically modeled with independent weight priors, which do not capture weight correlations in the prior and do not provide a parsimonious interface to express properties in function space. A desirable class…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-02-12 Theofanis Karaletsos , Thang D. Bui

We prove large and moderate deviations for the output of Gaussian fully connected neural networks. The main achievements concern deep neural networks (i.e., when the model has more than one hidden layer) and hold for bounded and continuous…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-04-01 Claudio Macci , Barbara Pacchiarotti , Giovanni Luca Torrisi

We establish central and non-central limit theorems for sequences of functionals of the Gaussian output of an infinitely-wide random neural network on the d-dimensional sphere . We show that the asymptotic behaviour of these functionals as…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-04-24 Simmaco Di Lillo , Leonardo Maini , Domenico Marinucci

In a recently published paper [1], it is shown that deep neural networks (DNNs) with random Gaussian weights preserve the metric structure of the data, with the property that the distance shrinks more when the angle between the two data…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-04-02 Talha Cihad Gulcu , Alper Gungor

In this paper we cast the well-known convolutional neural network in a Gaussian process perspective. In this way we hope to gain additional insights into the performance of convolutional networks, in particular understand under what…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-01-10 Anastasia Borovykh

Modern deep learning models have achieved great success in predictive accuracy for many data modalities. However, their application to many real-world tasks is restricted by poor uncertainty estimates, such as overconfidence on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-16 Ben Adlam , Jaehoon Lee , Lechao Xiao , Jeffrey Pennington , Jasper Snoek

Deep linear networks have been extensively studied, as they provide simplified models of deep learning. However, little is known in the case of finite-width architectures with multiple outputs and convolutional layers. In this manuscript,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-26 Federico Bassetti , Marco Gherardi , Alessandro Ingrosso , Mauro Pastore , Pietro Rotondo