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A graph is weakly $2$-colored if the nodes are labeled with colors black and white such that each black node is adjacent to at least one white node and vice versa. In this work we study the distributed computational complexity of weak…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-19 Alkida Balliu , Juho Hirvonen , Dennis Olivetti , Jukka Suomela

Understanding the role of randomness when solving locally checkable labeling (LCL) problems in the LOCAL model has been one of the top priorities in the research on distributed graph algorithms in recent years. For LCL problems in…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Sebastian Brandt , Fabian Kuhn , Zahra Parsaeian

We study connections between distributed local algorithms, finitary factors of iid processes, and descriptive combinatorics in the context of regular trees. We extend the Borel determinacy technique of Marks coming from descriptive…

Locally checkable labeling problems (LCLs) are distributed graph problems in which a solution is globally feasible if it is locally feasible in all constant-radius neighborhoods. Vertex colorings, maximal independent sets, and maximal…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-19 Alkida Balliu , Sebastian Brandt , Dennis Olivetti , Jukka Suomela

The node-averaged complexity of a problem captures the number of rounds nodes of a graph have to spend on average to solve the problem in the LOCAL model. A challenging line of research with regards to this new complexity measure is to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Alkida Balliu , Sebastian Brandt , Fabian Kuhn , Dennis Olivetti , Gustav Schmid

Over the past 30 years numerous algorithms have been designed for symmetry breaking problems in the LOCAL model, such as maximal matching, MIS, vertex coloring, and edge-coloring. For most problems the best randomized algorithm is at least…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-04-07 Yi-Jun Chang , Tsvi Kopelowitz , Seth Pettie

In this work, we develop the low-space Massively Parallel Computation (MPC) complexity landscape for a family of fundamental graph problems on trees. We present a general method that solves most locally checkable labeling (LCL) problems…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-03-04 Sebastian Brandt , Rustam Latypov , Jara Uitto

In this work we study local computation with advice: the goal is to solve a graph problem $\Pi$ with a distributed algorithm in $T(\Delta)$ communication rounds, for some function $T$ that only depends on the maximum degree $\Delta$ of the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Alkida Balliu , Sebastian Brandt , Fabian Kuhn , Krzysztof Nowicki , Dennis Olivetti , Eva Rotenberg , Jukka Suomela

By prior work, we have many results related to distributed graph algorithms for problems that can be defined with local constraints; the formal framework used in prior work is locally checkable labeling problems (LCLs), introduced by Naor…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Alkida Balliu , Mohsen Ghaffari , Fabian Kuhn , Augusto Modanese , Dennis Olivetti , Mikaël Rabie , Jukka Suomela , Jara Uitto

We prove several new tight distributed lower bounds for classic symmetry breaking graph problems. As a basic tool, we first provide a new insightful proof that any deterministic distributed algorithm that computes a $\Delta$-coloring on…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Alkida Balliu , Sebastian Brandt , Fabian Kuhn , Dennis Olivetti

The celebrated Time Hierarchy Theorem for Turing machines states, informally, that more problems can be solved given more time. The extent to which a time hierarchy-type theorem holds in the distributed LOCAL model has been open for many…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-04-24 Yi-Jun Chang , Seth Pettie

A rich line of work has been addressing the computational complexity of locally checkable labelings (LCLs), illustrating the landscape of possible complexities. In this paper, we study the landscape of LCL complexities under bandwidth…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Alkida Balliu , Keren Censor-Hillel , Yannic Maus , Dennis Olivetti , Jukka Suomela

The question of 'what can be computed locally?' lies at the heart of distributed computing in networks. As established in Naor and Stockmeyer's seminal paper (STOC 1993), this question is undecidable, even for graph problems whose solutions…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Lélia Blin , Fedor V. Fomin , Pierre Fraigniaud , Sylvain Gay , Petr A. Golovach , Pedro Montealegre , Ivan Rapaport , Ioan Todinca

We connect three distinct lines of research that have recently explored extensions of the classical LOCAL model of distributed computing: A. distributed quantum computing and non-signaling distributions [e.g. STOC 2024], B.…

Locally checkable labeling problems (LCLs) form the foundation of the modern theory of distributed graph algorithms. First introduced in the seminal paper by Naor and Stockmeyer [STOC 1993], these are graph problems that can be described by…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Antonio Cruciani , Avinandan Das , Alesya Raevskaya , Jukka Suomela

Locally Checkable Labeling (LCL) problems include essentially all the classic problems of $\mathsf{LOCAL}$ distributed algorithms. In a recent enlightening revelation, Chang and Pettie [arXiv 1704.06297] showed that any LCL (on bounded…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-05-17 Manuela Fischer , Mohsen Ghaffari

In this work, we give a unifying view of locality in four settings: distributed algorithms, sequential greedy algorithms, dynamic algorithms, and online algorithms. We introduce a new model of computing, called the online-LOCAL model: the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Amirreza Akbari , Navid Eslami , Henrik Lievonen , Darya Melnyk , Joona Särkijärvi , Jukka Suomela

LCLs or locally checkable labelling problems (e.g. maximal independent set, maximal matching, and vertex colouring) in the LOCAL model of computation are very well-understood in cycles (toroidal 1-dimensional grids): every problem has a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-05-25 Sebastian Brandt , Juho Hirvonen , Janne H. Korhonen , Tuomo Lempiäinen , Patric R. J. Östergård , Christopher Purcell , Joel Rybicki , Jukka Suomela , Przemysław Uznański

A central theme in distributed network algorithms concerns understanding and coping with the issue of locality. Inspired by sequential complexity theory, we focus on a complexity theory for distributed decision problems. In the context of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2011-03-04 Pierre Fraigniaud , Amos Korman , David Peleg

Consider a graph problem that is locally checkable but not locally solvable: given a solution we can check that it is feasible by verifying all constant-radius neighborhoods, but to find a solution each node needs to explore the input graph…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-19 Will Rosenbaum , Jukka Suomela