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In this paper, we provide a precise characterization of generalization properties of high dimensional kernel ridge regression across the under- and over-parameterized regimes, depending on whether the number of training data n exceeds the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-02-25 Fanghui Liu , Zhenyu Liao , Johan A. K. Suykens

Recent developments in applications of artificial neural networks with over $n=10^{14}$ parameters make it extremely important to study the large $n$ behaviour of such networks. Most works studying wide neural networks have focused on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Luís Carvalho , João Lopes Costa , José Mourão , Gonçalo Oliveira

This paper studies causal inference with observational data from a single large network. We consider a nonparametric model with interference in both potential outcomes and selection into treatment. Specifically, both stages may be the…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-12-30 Michael P. Leung , Pantelis Loupos

A neural network (NN) is a parameterised function that can be tuned via gradient descent to approximate a labelled collection of data with high precision. A Gaussian process (GP), on the other hand, is a probabilistic model that defines a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-05 Marta Garnelo , Jonathan Schwarz , Dan Rosenbaum , Fabio Viola , Danilo J. Rezende , S. M. Ali Eslami , Yee Whye Teh

Classical learning theory suggests that the optimal generalization performance of a machine learning model should occur at an intermediate model complexity, with simpler models exhibiting high bias and more complex models exhibiting high…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-11-09 Ben Adlam , Jeffrey Pennington

We perform an average case analysis of the generalization dynamics of large neural networks trained using gradient descent. We study the practically-relevant "high-dimensional" regime where the number of free parameters in the network is on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-10-11 Madhu S. Advani , Andrew M. Saxe

In this expository note we describe a surprising phenomenon in overparameterized linear regression, where the dimension exceeds the number of samples: there is a regime where the test risk of the estimator found by gradient descent…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-12-17 Preetum Nakkiran

At the heart of machine learning lies the question of generalizability of learned rules over previously unseen data. While over-parameterized models based on neural networks are now ubiquitous in machine learning applications, our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-04 Melikasadat Emami , Mojtaba Sahraee-Ardakan , Parthe Pandit , Sundeep Rangan , Alyson K. Fletcher

Gaussian processes (GPs) provide flexible distributions over functions, with inductive biases controlled by a kernel. However, in many applications Gaussian processes can struggle with even moderate input dimensionality. Learning a low…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Ian A. Delbridge , David S. Bindel , Andrew Gordon Wilson

This work provides a theoretical framework for assessing the generalization error of graph neural networks in the over-parameterized regime, where the number of parameters surpasses the quantity of data points. We explore two widely…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-07-02 Gholamali Aminian , Yixuan He , Gesine Reinert , Łukasz Szpruch , Samuel N. Cohen

A numerical and phenomenological study of the gradient descent (GD) algorithm for training two-layer neural network models is carried out for different parameter regimes when the target function can be accurately approximated by a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-26 Chao Ma , Lei Wu , Weinan E

Gaussian processes (GPs) are an attractive class of machine learning models because of their simplicity and flexibility as building blocks of more complex Bayesian models. Meanwhile, graph neural networks (GNNs) emerged recently as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Zehao Niu , Mihai Anitescu , Jie Chen

Double descent presents a counter-intuitive aspect within the machine learning domain, and researchers have observed its manifestation in various models and tasks. While some theoretical explanations have been proposed for this phenomenon…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Yufei Gu , Xiaoqing Zheng , Tomaso Aste

Double descent is a phenomenon of over-parameterized statistical models such as deep neural networks which have a re-descending property in their risk function. As the complexity of the model increases, risk exhibits a U-shaped region due…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-16 Nick Polson , Vadim Sokolov

We study the distributional properties of linear neural networks with random parameters in the context of large networks, where the number of layers diverges in proportion to the number of neurons per layer. Prior works have shown that in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-11-26 Federico Bassetti , Lucia Ladelli , Pietro Rotondo

A major challenge in understanding the generalization of deep learning is to explain why (stochastic) gradient descent can exploit the network architecture to find solutions that have good generalization performance when using high capacity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-12 Yifan Wu , Barnabas Poczos , Aarti Singh

This paper deals with the speed of convergence of the learning curve in a Gaussian process regression framework. The learning curve describes the average generalization error of the Gaussian process used for the regression. More…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2013-01-14 Loic Le Gratiet , Josselin Garnier

Neural networks typically generalize well when fitting the data perfectly, even though they are heavily overparameterized. Many factors have been pointed out as the reason for this phenomenon, including an implicit bias of stochastic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Amit Peleg , Matthias Hein

Random features models play a distinguished role in the theory of deep learning, describing the behavior of neural networks close to their infinite-width limit. In this work, we present a thorough analysis of the generalization performance…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-02-03 Fabián Aguirre-López , Silvio Franz , Mauro Pastore

Over-parameterization and adaptive methods have played a crucial role in the success of deep learning in the last decade. The widespread use of over-parameterization has forced us to rethink generalization by bringing forth new phenomena,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-01 Vatsal Shah , Soumya Basu , Anastasios Kyrillidis , Sujay Sanghavi