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Standard supervised learning procedures are validated against a test set that is assumed to have come from the same distribution as the training data. However, in many problems, the test data may have come from a different distribution. We…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-08-28 Tim Coleman , Kimberly Kaufeld , Mary Frances Dorn , Lucas Mentch

Decision trees have been a very popular class of predictive models for decades due to their interpretability and good performance on categorical features. However, they are not always robust and tend to overfit the data. Additionally, if…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-14 Oktay Gunluk , Jayant Kalagnanam , Minhan Li , Matt Menickelly , Katya Scheinberg

Ordinal classification problems, where labels exhibit a natural order, are prevalent in high-stakes fields such as medicine and finance. Accurate uncertainty quantification, including the decomposition into aleatoric (inherent variability)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Stefan Haas , Eyke Hüllermeier

Conventionally, random forests are built from "greedy" decision trees which each consider only one split at a time during their construction. The sub-optimality of greedy implementation has been well-known, yet mainstream adoption of more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-01 Delilah Donick , Sandro Claudio Lera

Decision tree and random forest classification and regression are some of the most widely used in machine learning approaches. Binary decision tree implementations commonly use conditioning in the form 'feature $\leq$ (or $<$) threshold',…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Gábor Timár , György Kovács

Full binary trees naturally represent commutative non-associative products. There are many important examples of these products: finite-precision floating-point addition and NAND gates, among others. Balance in such a tree is highly…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2021-08-27 Laura Monroe

Random forests have long been considered as powerful model ensembles in machine learning. By training multiple decision trees, whose diversity is fostered through data and feature subsampling, the resulting random forest can lead to more…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-12 Gilles Audemard , Steve Bellart , Louenas Bounia , Frédéric Koriche , Jean-Marie Lagniez , Pierre Marquis

Random forests are a machine learning method used to automatically classify datasets and consist of a multitude of decision trees. While these random forests often have higher performance and generalize better than a single decision tree,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Max Sondag , Christofer Meinecke , Dennis Collaris , Tatiana von Landesberger , Stef van den Elzen

We present and empirically evaluate an efficient algorithm that learns to aggregate the predictions of an ensemble of binary classifiers. The algorithm uses the structure of the ensemble predictions on unlabeled data to yield significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-11-12 Akshay Balsubramani , Yoav Freund

Tree-ensemble algorithms, such as random forest, are effective machine learning methods popular for their flexibility, high performance, and robustness to overfitting. However, since multiple learners are combined, they are not as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-09 Klest Dedja , Felipe Kenji Nakano , Konstantinos Pliakos , Celine Vens

We propose a simple recursive data-based partitioning scheme which produces piecewise-constant or piecewise-linear density estimates on intervals, and show how this scheme can determine the optimal $L_1$ minimax rate for some discrete…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-07-01 Luc Devroye , Tommy Reddad

Learning algorithms produce software models for realising critical classification tasks. Decision trees models are simpler than other models such as neural network and they are used in various critical domains such as the medical and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Tianqi Xiao , Omer Nguena Timo , Florent Avellaneda , Yasir Malik , Stefan Bruda

Random forests are classical ensemble algorithms that construct multiple randomized decision trees and aggregate their predictions using naive averaging. \citet{zhou2019deep} further propose a deep forest algorithm with multi-layer forests,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Shen-Huan Lyu , Jin-Hui Wu , Qin-Cheng Zheng , Baoliu Ye

This paper describes techniques for growing classification and regression trees designed to induce visually interpretable trees. This is achieved by penalizing splits that extend the subset of features used in a particular branch of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2013-10-22 Alex Goldstein , Andreas Buja

The decision tree is one of the most fundamental programming abstractions. A commonly used type of decision tree is the alphabetic binary tree, which uses (without loss of generality) ``less than'' versus ''greater than or equal to'' tests…

Performance · Computer Science 2007-07-13 Michael B. Baer

Tree ensembles (TEs) find a multitude of practical applications. They represent one of the most general and accurate classes of machine learning methods. While they are typically quite concise in representation, their operation remains…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Yacine Izza , Alexey Ignatiev , Xuanxiang Huang , Peter J. Stuckey , Joao Marques-Silva

Ensemble methods are among the state-of-the-art predictive modeling approaches. Applied to modern big data, these methods often require a large number of sub-learners, where the complexity of each learner typically grows with the size of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-29 Amichai Painsky , Saharon Rosset

In this paper we investigate undirected discrete graphical tree models when all the variables in the system are binary, where leaves represent the observable variables and where all the inner nodes are unobserved. A novel approach based on…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-03-06 Piotr Zwiernik , Jim Q. Smith

Decision trees are widely used for interpretable machine learning due to their clearly structured reasoning process. However, this structure belies a challenge we refer to as predictive equivalence: a given tree's decision boundary can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Hayden McTavish , Zachery Boner , Jon Donnelly , Margo Seltzer , Cynthia Rudin

Ordinal measurements are common outcomes in studies within psychology, as well as in the social and behavioral sciences. Choosing an appropriate regression model for analysing such data poses a difficult task. This paper aims to facilitate…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-03 Stefan Inerle , Markus Pauly , Moritz Berger