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We study the spectral convergence of a symmetrized Graph Laplacian matrix induced by a Gaussian kernel evaluated on pairs of embedded data, sampled from a manifold with boundary, a sub-manifold of $\mathbb{R}^m$. Specifically, we deduce the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-05-20 J. Wilson Peoples , John Harlim

In the manifold setting, we provide a series of spectral convergence results quantifying how the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the graph Laplacian converge to the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the Laplace-Beltrami operator in the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-06-23 David B Dunson , Hau-Tieng Wu , Nan Wu

Given i.i.d. observations uniformly distributed on a closed manifold $\mathcal{M}\subseteq \mathbb{R}^p$, we study the spectral properties of the associated empirical graph Laplacian based on a Gaussian kernel. Our main results are…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-02-27 Martin Wahl

Kernelized Gram matrix $W$ constructed from data points $\{x_i\}_{i=1}^N$ as $W_{ij}= k_0( \frac{ \| x_i - x_j \|^2} {\sigma^2} )$ is widely used in graph-based geometric data analysis and unsupervised learning. An important question is how…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-02-11 Xiuyuan Cheng , Hau-Tieng Wu

We study the convergence of the graph Laplacian of a random geometric graph generated by an i.i.d. sample from a $m$-dimensional submanifold $M$ in $R^d$ as the sample size $n$ increases and the neighborhood size $h$ tends to zero. We show…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-01-31 Nicolas Garcia Trillos , Moritz Gerlach , Matthias Hein , Dejan Slepcev

In this paper we improve the spectral convergence rates for graph-based approximations of Laplace-Beltrami operators constructed from random data. We utilize regularity of the continuum eigenfunctions and strong pointwise consistency…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-06-30 Jeff Calder , Nicolas Garcia Trillos

In graph-based data analysis, $k$-nearest neighbor ($k$NN) graphs are widely used due to their adaptivity to local data densities. Allowing weighted edges in the graph, the kernelized graph affinity provides a more general type of $k$NN…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-21 Xiuyuan Cheng , Yixuan Tan , Nan Wu

Spectral methods that are based on eigenvectors and eigenvalues of discrete graph Laplacians, such as Diffusion Maps and Laplacian Eigenmaps are often used for manifold learning and non-linear dimensionality reduction. It was previously…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2015-06-02 Amit Singer , Hau-tieng Wu

Laplacian Eigenvectors of the graph constructed from a data set are used in many spectral manifold learning algorithms such as diffusion maps and spectral clustering. Given a graph constructed from a random sample of a $d$-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-10-29 Xu Wang

This short note aims at (re)proving that the symmetrically normalized graph Laplacian $L=\Id - D^{-1/2}WD^{-1/2}$ (from a graph defined from a Gaussian weighting kernel on a sampled smooth manifold) converges towards the continuous Manifold…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2011-01-10 Laurent Jacques

In this paper, we give a spectral approximation result for the Laplacian on submanifolds of Euclidean spaces with singularities by the $\epsilon$-neighborhood graph constructed from random points on the submanifold. Our convergence rate for…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2021-10-18 Masayuki Aino

We consider graph diffusion processes constructed from finite i.i.d. samples drawn from an unknown manifold embedded in ambient Euclidean space, where the graph affinity is defined by an ambient Gaussian kernel matrix. We show that the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-26 Xiuyuan Cheng , Nan Wu

We prove that the Dirichlet eigenvalues of the Laplace-Beltrami operator on a compact Riemannian manifold with cylindrical boundary can be approximated by the spectrum of truncated graph Laplacians constructed from…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2026-03-16 Anusha Bhattacharya

We address the problem of setting the kernel bandwidth used by Manifold Learning algorithms to construct the graph Laplacian. Exploiting the connection between manifold geometry, represented by the Riemannian metric, and the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-06-03 Dominique Perrault-Joncas , Marina Meila

Bi-stochastic normalization provides an alternative normalization of graph Laplacians in graph-based data analysis and can be computed efficiently by Sinkhorn-Knopp (SK) iterations. This paper proves the convergence of bi-stochastically…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-07-19 Xiuyuan Cheng , Boris Landa

We study the approximation of eigenvalues for the Laplace-Beltrami operator on closed Riemannian manifolds in the class $\mathcal{M}$, characterized by bounded Ricci curvature, a lower bound on the injectivity radius, and an upper bound on…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-03 Anusha Bhattacharya , Soma Maity

Motivated by the problem of understanding theoretical bounds for the performance of the Belkin-Niyogi Laplacian eigencoordinate approach to dimension reduction in machine learning problems, we consider the convergence of random graph…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2025-03-10 Bernard Akwei , Luke Rogers , Alexander Teplyaev

In this paper, we successfully generalize the eigenvalue comparison theorem for the Dirichlet $p$-Laplacian ($1<p<\infty$) obtained by Matei [A.-M. Matei, First eigenvalue for the $p$-Laplace operator, Nonlinear Anal. TMA 39 (8) (2000)…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2015-01-14 Jing Mao

Let $(G_\epsilon)_{\epsilon>0}$ be a family of '$\epsilon$-thin' Riemannian manifolds modeled on a finite metric graph $G$, for example, the $\epsilon$-neighborhood of an embedding of $G$ in some Euclidean space with straight edges. We…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2014-02-26 Daniel Grieser

Eigenvectors and eigenvalues of discrete graph Laplacians are often used for manifold learning and nonlinear dimensionality reduction. It was previously proved by Belkin and Niyogi that the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the graph…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-07-02 Zuoqiang Shi
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