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Modern algorithms in the domain of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) demonstrated remarkable successes; most widely known are those in game-based scenarios, from ATARI video games to Go and the StarCraft~\textsc{II} real-time strategy game.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-29 Eric MSP Veith , Nils Wenninghoff , Emilie Frost

A fundamental bottleneck in utilising complex machine learning systems for critical applications has been not knowing why they do and what they do, thus preventing the development of any crucial safety protocols. To date, no method exist…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Jan Rosenzweig , Zoran Cvetkovic , Ivana Rosenzweig

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has become a powerful tool for complex decision-making in machine learning and AI. However, traditional methods often assume perfect action execution, overlooking the uncertainties and deviations between an…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Oren Fivel , Matan Rudman , Kobi Cohen

Gradient-based saliency methods are widely used to interpret deep neural networks, yet they often produce noisy and unstable explanations that poorly align with semantically meaningful input features. We argue that a fundamental cause of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Ali Karkehabadi , Jamshid Hassanpour , Houman Homayoun , Avesta Sasan

Given the recent impact of Deep Reinforcement Learning in training agents to win complex games like StarCraft and DoTA(Defense Of The Ancients) - there has been a surge in research for exploiting learning based techniques for professional…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Ahaan Dabholkar , James Z. Hare , Mark Mittrick , John Richardson , Nicholas Waytowich , Priya Narayanan , Saurabh Bagchi

Interpretability is a critical factor in applying complex deep learning models to advance the understanding of brain disorders in neuroimaging studies. To interpret the decision process of a trained classifier, existing techniques typically…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-29 Zixuan Liu , Ehsan Adeli , Kilian M. Pohl , Qingyu Zhao

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is a paradigm of artificial intelligence where an agent uses a neural network to learn which actions to take in a given environment. DRL has recently gained traction from being able to solve complex…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Rajdeep Singh Hundal , Yan Xiao , Xiaochun Cao , Jin Song Dong , Manuel Rigger

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has emerged as a powerful solution for meeting the growing demands for connectivity, reliability, low latency and operational efficiency in advanced networks. However, most research has focused on…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Haiyuan Li , Hari Madhukumar , Peizheng Li , Yuelin Liu , Yiran Teng , Yulei Wu , Ning Wang , Shuangyi Yan , Dimitra Simeonidou

The need for Explainable AI is increasing with the development of deep learning. The saliency maps derived from convolutional neural networks generally fail in localizing with accuracy the image features justifying the network prediction.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Alexandre Englebert , Olivier Cornu , Christophe De Vleeschouwer

This paper presents a novel approach to automated playtesting for the prediction of human player behavior and experience. It has previously been demonstrated that Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) game-playing agents can predict both game…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Shaghayegh Roohi , Christian Guckelsberger , Asko Relas , Henri Heiskanen , Jari Takatalo , Perttu Hämäläinen

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithms have been increasingly employed during the last decade to solve various decision-making problems such as autonomous driving and robotics. However, these algorithms have faced great challenges…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Amirhossein Zolfagharian , Manel Abdellatif , Lionel Briand , Mojtaba Bagherzadeh , Ramesh S

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) requires the collection of interventional data, which is sometimes expensive and even unethical in the real world, such as in the autonomous driving and the medical field. Offline reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Wenxuan Zhu , Chao Yu , Qiang Zhang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) faces significant challenges in adaptive healthcare interventions, such as dementia care, where data is scarce, decisions require interpretability, and underlying patient-state dynamic are complex and causal in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Wenzheng Zhao , Ran Zhang , Ruth Palan Lopez , Shu-Fen Wung , Fengpei Yuan

While deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has attracted a rapidly growing interest in solving the problem of navigation without global maps, DRL typically leads to a mediocre navigation performance in practice due to the gap between the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Shiwei Lian , Feitian Zhang

In neuroscience, attention has been shown to bidirectionally interact with reinforcement learning (RL) processes. This interaction is thought to support dimensionality reduction of task representations, restricting computations to relevant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Lennart Bramlage , Aurelio Cortese

We describe an explainable AI saliency map method for use with deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) that is much more efficient than popular fine-resolution gradient methods. It is also quantitatively similar or better in accuracy. Our…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-11 T. Nathan Mundhenk , Barry Y. Chen , Gerald Friedland

In value-based reinforcement learning (RL), unlike in supervised learning, the agent faces not a single, stationary, approximation problem, but a sequence of value prediction problems. Each time the policy improves, the nature of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Will Dabney , André Barreto , Mark Rowland , Robert Dadashi , John Quan , Marc G. Bellemare , David Silver

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) agents frequently face challenges in adapting to tasks outside their training distribution, including issues with over-fitting, catastrophic forgetting and sample inefficiency. Although the application of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Yizhao Jin , Greg Slabaugh , Simon Lucas

Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) demonstrates excellent performance on tasks that can be solved by trained policy. It plays a dominant role among cutting-edge machine learning approaches using multi-layer Neural networks (NNs). At the same…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-20 Devdhar Patel , Hananel Hazan , Daniel J. Saunders , Hava Siegelmann , Robert Kozma

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is a promising way to achieve human-like autonomous driving. However, the low sample efficiency and difficulty of designing reward functions for DRL would hinder its applications in practice. In light of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Zhiyu Huang , Jingda Wu , Chen Lv