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The marginal likelihood, also known as the evidence, is regarded as a mathematical embodiment of Occam's razor, enabling model selection that avoids overfitting. The evidence lower bound (ELBO) objective from variational inference has also…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-30 Ethan Harvey , Michael C. Hughes

Variational autoencoders (VAEs) are one of the powerful unsupervised learning frameworks in NLP for latent representation learning and latent-directed generation. The classic optimization goal of VAEs is to maximize the Evidence Lower Bound…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Jianfei Zhang , Jun Bai , Chenghua Lin , Yanmeng Wang , Wenge Rong

Deep directed generative models have attracted much attention recently due to their expressive representation power and the ability of ancestral sampling. One major difficulty of learning directed models with many latent variables is the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-06-16 Siqi Nie , Qiang Ji

Deep generative models with latent variables have been used lately to learn joint representations and generative processes from multi-modal data. These two learning mechanisms can, however, conflict with each other and representations can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Rogelio A. Mancisidor , Michael Kampffmeyer , Kjersti Aas , Robert Jenssen

Auto-encoding Variational Bayes (AEVB) is a powerful and general algorithm for fitting latent variable models (a promising direction for unsupervised learning), and is well-known for training the Variational Auto-Encoder (VAE). In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Yang Zhi-Han

Variational autoencoders (VAEs) are a popular framework for modeling complex data distributions; they can be efficiently trained via variational inference by maximizing the evidence lower bound (ELBO), at the expense of a gap to the exact…

We propose to learn deep undirected graphical models (i.e., MRFs) with a non-ELBO objective for which we can calculate exact gradients. In particular, we optimize a saddle-point objective deriving from the Bethe free energy approximation to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Sam Wiseman , Yoon Kim

Neural posterior estimation has emerged as a powerful tool for amortized inference, with growing adoption across scientific and applied domains. In many of these applications, the conditioning variable is a set of observations whose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Antoine Wehenkel , Michael Kagan , Lukas Heinrich , Chris Pollard

Modern learning systems increasingly rely on amortized learning - the idea of reusing computation or inductive biases shared across tasks to enable rapid generalization to novel problems. This principle spans a range of approaches,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Sarthak Mittal , Divyat Mahajan , Guillaume Lajoie , Mohammad Pezeshki

Despite the recent success of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), existing approaches predominantly assume the availability of multiple modalities during training and inference. In practice, multimodal data is often incomplete because…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Divyam Madaan , Sumit Chopra , Kyunghyun Cho

Here, we show that the InfoNCE objective is equivalent to the ELBO in a new class of probabilistic generative model, the recognition parameterised model (RPM). When we learn the optimal prior, the RPM ELBO becomes equal to the mutual…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-08-11 Laurence Aitchison , Stoil Ganev

Generalized Bayesian Inference (GBI) tempers a loss with a temperature $\beta > 0$ to mitigate overconfidence and improve robustness under model misspecification, but existing GBI methods typically rely on costly MCMC or SDE-based samplers…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-25 Shiyi Sun , Geoff K. Nicholls , Jeong Eun Lee

This paper propose DualVDT, a generative model for Time-series forecasting. Introduced dual reparametrized variational mechanisms on variational autoencoder (VAE) to tighter the evidence lower bound (ELBO) of the model, prove the advance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Ziang Chen

We explore a new research direction in Bayesian variational inference with discrete latent variable priors where we exploit Kronecker matrix algebra for efficient and exact computations of the evidence lower bound (ELBO). The proposed…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-01-11 Trefor W. Evans , Prasanth B. Nair

Posterior collapse plagues VAEs for text, especially for conditional text generation with strong autoregressive decoders. In this work, we address this problem in variational neural machine translation by explicitly promoting mutual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-23 Arya D. McCarthy , Xian Li , Jiatao Gu , Ning Dong

Statistical inference of analytically non-tractable posteriors is a difficult problem because of marginalization of correlated variables and stochastic methods such as MCMC and VI are commonly used. We argue that stochastic KL divergence…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-08-01 Uros Seljak , Byeonghee Yu

Gaussian Process Latent Variable Models (GPLVMs) have become increasingly popular for unsupervised tasks such as dimensionality reduction and missing data recovery due to their flexibility and non-linear nature. An importance-weighted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Jian Xu , Shian Du , Junmei Yang , Qianli Ma , Delu Zeng , John Paisley

Credible microscopic traffic simulation requires car-following models that capture both the average response and the substantial variability observed across drivers and situations. However, most data-driven calibrations remain…

Applications · Statistics 2026-02-06 Menglin Kong , Chengyuan Zhang , Lijun Sun

Bayes' rule describes how to infer posterior beliefs about latent variables given observations, and inference is a critical step in learning algorithms for latent variable models (LVMs). Although there are exact algorithms for inference and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Sacha Sokoloski

Multimodal variational autoencoders have demonstrated their ability to learn the relationships between different modalities by mapping them into a latent representation. Their design and capacity to perform any-to-any conditional and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Daniel Wesego , Pedram Rooshenas