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The pharmacovigilance databases consist of several case reports involving drugs and adverse events (AEs). Some methods are applied consistently to highlight all signals, i.e. all statistically significant associations between a drug and an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2009-01-27 Alexander Estacio-Moreno , Yannick Toussaint , Cédric Bousquet

Propensity scores are commonly used to reduce the confounding bias in non-randomized observational studies for estimating the average treatment effect. An important assumption underlying this approach is that all confounders that are…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-02 Youfei Yu , Jiacong Du , Min Zhang , Zhenke Wu , Andrew M. Ryan , Bhramar Mukherjee

Contrastive Analysis VAE (CA-VAEs) is a family of Variational auto-encoders (VAEs) that aims at separating the common factors of variation between a background dataset (BG) (i.e., healthy subjects) and a target dataset (TG) (i.e., patients)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Robin Louiset , Edouard Duchesnay , Antoine Grigis , Benoit Dufumier , Pietro Gori

Observational studies are often conducted to estimate causal effects of treatments or exposures on event-time outcomes. Since treatments are not randomized in observational studies, techniques from causal inference are required to adjust…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-23 Han Ji , Arman Oganisian

We consider the challenges associated with causal inference in settings where data from a randomized trial is augmented with control data from an external source to improve efficiency in estimating the average treatment effect (ATE).…

Confounding bias and selection bias bring two significant challenges to the validity of conclusions drawn from applied causal inference. The latter can stem from informative missingness, such as in cases of attrition. We introduce the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-25 Johan de Aguas , Johan Pensar , Tomás Varnet Pérez , Guido Biele

As an important problem in causal inference, we discuss the estimation of treatment effects (TEs). Representing the confounder as a latent variable, we propose Intact-VAE, a new variant of variational autoencoder (VAE), motivated by the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-04-22 Pengzhou Wu , Kenji Fukumizu

The goal of a classification model is to assign the correct labels to data. In most cases, this data is not fully described by the given set of labels. Often a rich set of meaningful concepts exist in the domain that can much more precisely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-23 Yoeri Poels , Vlado Menkovski

OBJECTIVE: To propose time-to-event estimators that help evaluate incident diagnostic coding and possible upcoding in Medicare as well as introduce an open-source software package that enables more reproducible methods development relevant…

Applications · Statistics 2026-05-21 Oana M. Enache , Sherri Rose

Objective: In randomized clinical trials, prediction models can be used to explore the relationships between patients' variables (e.g., clinical, pathological, or lifestyle variables, and also biomarker or genomic data) and treatment effect…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-02-03 Elvire Roblin , Paul-Henry Cournède , Stefan Michiels

This paper describes a package for analytical ray tracing of relatively simple optical systems. AESOP (An Extensible Symbolic Optics Package) enables analysis of the effects of small optical element misalignments or other perturbations. (It…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Marc A. Murison

We study how to learn treatment policies from multimodal electronic health records (EHRs) that consist of tabular data and clinical text. These policies can help physicians make better treatment decisions and allocate healthcare resources…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Henri Arno , Thomas Demeester

This paper introduces CORAE, a novel web-based open-source tool for COntinuous Retrospective Affect Evaluation, designed to capture continuous affect data about interpersonal perceptions in dyadic interactions. Grounded in behavioral…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Michael J. Sack , Maria Teresa Parreira , Jenny Fu , Asher Lipman , Hifza Javed , Nawid Jamali , Malte Jung

External control arms can inform early clinical development of experimental drugs and provide efficacy evidence for regulatory approval. However, accessing sufficient real-world or historical clinical trials data is challenging. Indeed,…

Data from observational studies (OSs) is widely available and readily obtainable yet frequently contains confounding biases. On the other hand, data derived from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) helps to reduce these biases; however, it…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-30 Dong Yao , Caizhi Tang , Qing Cui , Longfei Li

Intercurrent events, such as treatment switching, rescue medication, dropout, or truncation by death, frequently complicate intention-to-treat analyses in randomized clinical trials. Existing causal inference frameworks typically target…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-12 Georgi Baklicharov , Kelly Van Lancker , Stijn Vansteelandt

Randomized controlled trials (RCT) are the gold standards for evaluating the efficacy and safety of therapeutic interventions in human subjects. In addition to the pre-specified endpoints, trial participants' experience reveals the time…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Zuotian Li , Xiang Liu , Zelei Cheng , Yingjie Chen , Wanzhu Tu , Jing Su

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in oncology often allow control group participants to crossover to experimental treatments, a practice that, while often ethically necessary, complicates the accurate estimation of long-term treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-12 Harlan Campbell , Nicholas Latimer , Jeroen P Jansen , Shannon Cope

Accurately predicting conditional average treatment effects (CATEs) is crucial in personalized medicine and digital platform analytics. Since the treatments of interest often cannot be directly randomized, observational data is leveraged to…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-05 Miruna Oprescu , Nathan Kallus

An important task in drug development is to identify patients, which respond better or worse to an experimental treatment. Identifying predictive covariates, which influence the treatment effect and can be used to define subgroups of…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-11-27 Marius Thomas , Björn Bornkamp , Katja Ickstadt