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Large language models (LLMs) employ safety mechanisms to prevent harmful outputs, yet these defenses primarily rely on semantic pattern matching. We show that encoding harmful prompts as coherent mathematical problems -- using formalisms…

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit impressive capabilities, but remain susceptible to a growing spectrum of safety risks, including jailbreaks, toxic content, hallucinations, and bias. Existing defenses often address only a single threat…

Weighted Max-SAT is the optimization version of SAT and many important problems can be naturally encoded as such. Solving weighted Max-SAT is an important problem from both a theoretical and a practical point of view. In recent years, there…

Incorrectness Separation Logic (ISL) is a proof system designed to automate verification and detect bugs in programs manipulating heap memories. In this study, we extend ISL to support variable-length array predicates and pointer…

The satisfiability problem is one of the most famous problems in computer science. Its NP-completeness has been used to argue that SAT is intractable. However, there have been tremendous advances that allow SAT solvers to solve instances…

System passwords serve as critical credentials for user authentication and access control when logging into operating systems or applications. Upon entering a valid password, users pass verification to access system resources and execute…

Multi-die FPGAs are crucial components in modern computing systems, particularly for high-performance applications such as artificial intelligence and data centers. Super long lines (SLLs) provide interconnections between super logic…

Large language models (LLMs) are vulnerable to adversarial attacks that can elicit harmful responses. Defending against such attacks remains challenging due to the opacity of jailbreaking mechanisms and the high computational cost of…

The growth in data storage capacity and the increasing demands for high performance have created several challenges for concurrent indexing structures. One promising solution is learned indexes, which use a learning-based approach to fit…

Semiconductor design companies are integrating proprietary intellectual property (IP) blocks to build custom integrated circuits (IC) and fabricate them in a third-party foundry. Unauthorized IC copies cost these companies billions of…

Large language models (LLMs) have made significant advancements across various tasks, but their safety alignment remain a major concern. Exploring jailbreak prompts can expose LLMs' vulnerabilities and guide efforts to secure them. Existing…

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant advancements and are now widely used across various domains. Unfortunately, there has been a rising concern that LLMs can be misused to generate harmful or malicious content.…

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have revolutionized complex problem-solving, yet they exhibit a pervasive "overthinking", generating unnecessarily long reasoning chains. While current solutions improve token efficiency, they often sacrifice…

Over the years, many techniques have been introduced to protect integrated circuits (ICs) from hardware security threats that emerged in the globalized IC manufacturing supply chain, such as overproduction and piracy. However, most of these…

Stochastic local search (SLS) is a successful paradigm for solving the satisfiability problem of propositional logic. A recent development in this area involves solving not the original instance, but a modified, yet logically equivalent…

Split manufacturing is a promising technique to defend against fab-based malicious activities such as IP piracy, overbuilding, and insertion of hardware Trojans. However, a network flow-based proximity attack, proposed by Wang et al.…

Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms (BLAS) is a core library in scientific computing and machine learning. This paper presents FT-BLAS, a new implementation of BLAS routines that not only tolerates soft errors on the fly, but also provides…

As CMOS nears the end of the projected scaling roadmap, significant effort has been devoted to the search for new materials and devices that can realize memory and logic. Spintronics, is one of the promising directions for the Post-CMOS…

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized various applications, making robust safety alignment essential to prevent harmful outputs. Current safety alignment techniques, however, harbor inherent vulnerabilities due to their reliance…

Reinforcement learning (RL) with outcome-based rewards has achieved significant success in training large language model (LLM) agents for complex reasoning tasks. However, in active reasoning where agents need to strategically ask questions…