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This paper describes the Linguistic Annotation Framework under development within ISO TC37 SC4 WG1. The Linguistic Annotation Framework is intended to serve as a basis for harmonizing existing language resources as well as developing new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-07-24 Laurent Romary , Nancy Ide

We introduce a framework for lightweight dependency syntax annotation. Our formalism builds upon the typical representation for unlabeled dependencies, permitting a simple notation and annotation workflow. Moreover, the formalism encourages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2013-06-18 Nathan Schneider , Brendan O'Connor , Naomi Saphra , David Bamman , Manaal Faruqui , Noah A. Smith , Chris Dyer , Jason Baldridge

Suicidal ideation detection is critical for real-time suicide prevention, yet its progress faces two under-explored challenges: limited language coverage and unreliable annotation practices. Most available datasets are in English, but even…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Amina Dzafic , Merve Kavut , Ulya Bayram

Annotation is a central mechanism in visualization design that enables people to communicate key insights. Prior research has provided essential accounts of the visual forms annotations take, but less attention has been paid to the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Md Dilshadur Rahman , Devin Lange , Ghulam Jilani Quadri , Paul Rosen

This paper proposes a methodology for constructing such corpora of child directed speech (CDS) paired with sentential logical forms, and uses this method to create two such corpora, in English and Hebrew. The approach enforces a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Ida Szubert , Omri Abend , Nathan Schneider , Samuel Gibbon , Louis Mahon , Sharon Goldwater , Mark Steedman

In spite of the development of content-based data management, text-based searching remains the primary means of multimedia retrieval in many areas. Automatic creation of text metadata is thus a crucial tool for increasing the findability of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2014-12-19 Jan Botorek , Petra Budikova , Pavel Zezula

This study introduces a prescriptive annotation benchmark grounded in humanities research to ensure consistent, unbiased labeling of offensive language, particularly for casual and non-mainstream language uses. We contribute two newly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Xinmeng Hou

We introduce Universal NER (UNER), an open, community-driven project to develop gold-standard NER benchmarks in many languages. The overarching goal of UNER is to provide high-quality, cross-lingually consistent annotations to facilitate…

We introduce the Guideline-Centered Annotation Methodology (GCAM), a novel data annotation methodology designed to report the annotation guidelines associated with each data sample. Our approach addresses three key limitations of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Federico Ruggeri , Eleonora Misino , Arianna Muti , Katerina Korre , Paolo Torroni , Alberto Barrón-Cedeño

This document offers a detailed linguistic description of SNACS (Semantic Network of Adposition and Case Supersenses; Schneider et al., 2018), an inventory of 52 semantic labels ("supersenses") that characterize the use of adpositions and…

Allowing users to interact through language borders is an interesting challenge for information technology. For the purpose of a computer assisted language learning system, we have chosen icons for representing meaning on the input…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Pascal Vaillant

In functional programming languages, the classic form of annotation is a single type constraint on a term. Intersection types add complications: a single term may have to be checked several times against different types, in different…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Jana Dunfield

The aim of this paper is to provide mathematical foundations of a graph transformation language, called UnCAL, using categorical semantics of type theory and fixed points. About twenty years ago, Buneman et al. developed a graph database…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-09-13 Makoto Hamana , Kazutaka Matsuda , Kazuyuki Asada

Document images often have intricate layout structures, with numerous content regions (e.g. texts, figures, tables) densely arranged on each page. This makes the manual annotation of layout datasets expensive and inefficient. These…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-31 Zejiang Shen , Jian Zhao , Melissa Dell , Yaoliang Yu , Weining Li

Large-scale datasets are essential to modern day deep learning. Advocates argue that understanding these methods requires dataset transparency (e.g. "dataset curation, motivation, composition, collection process, etc..."). However, almost…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Nadine Chang , Francesco Ferroni , Michael J. Tarr , Martial Hebert , Deva Ramanan

Data annotation refers to the labeling or tagging of textual data with relevant information. A large body of works have reported positive results on leveraging LLMs as an alternative to human annotators. However, existing studies focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Yu-Min Tseng , Wei-Lin Chen , Chung-Chi Chen , Hsin-Hsi Chen

Uniform Meaning Representation (UMR) is a novel graph-based semantic representation which captures the core meaning of a text, with flexibility incorporated into the annotation schema such that the breadth of the world's languages can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Emma Markle , Javier Gutierrez Bach , Shira Wein

We present a system for bottom-up cumulative learning of myriad concepts corresponding to meaningful character strings, and their part-related and prediction edges. The learning is self-supervised in that the concepts discovered are used as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Omid Madani

In cross-lingual dependency annotation projection, information is often lost during transfer because of early decoding. We present an end-to-end graph-based neural network dependency parser that can be trained to reproduce matrices of edge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-01-09 Michael Sejr Schlichtkrull , Anders Søgaard

This paper describes a new modelling language for the effective design of Java annotations. Since their inclusion in the 5th edition of Java, annotations have grown from a useful tool for the addition of meta-data to play a central role in…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-10-02 Irene Córdoba , Juan de Lara