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This paper is a `spiritual child' of the 2005 lecture notes Kindergarten Quantum Mechanics, which showed how a simple, pictorial extension of Dirac notation allowed several quantum features to be easily expressed and derived, using language…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-23 Bob Coecke , Dominic Horsman , Aleks Kissinger , Quanlong Wang

The Scalable ZX-calculus is a compact graphical language used to reason about linear maps between quantum states. These diagrams have multiple applications, but they frequently have to be constructed in a case-by-case basis. In this work we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-17 Augustin Borgna , Rafael Romero

The ZW-calculus is a graphical language capable of representing 2-dimensional quantum systems (qubit) through its diagrams, and manipulating them through its equational theory. We extend the formalism to accommodate finite dimensional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-06 Marc de Visme , Renaud Vilmart

In this expository paper we present a brief introduction to the geometrical modeling of some quantum computing problems. After a brief introduction to establish the terminology, we focus on quantum information geometry and ZX-calculus,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-07 E. Ercolessi , R. Fioresi , T. Weber

We present a new graphical calculus that is sound and complete for a universal family of quantum circuits, which can be seen as the natural string-diagrammatic extension of the approximately (real-valued) universal family of Hadamard+CCZ…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-30 Miriam Backens , Aleks Kissinger

ZX-calculus has proved to be a useful tool for quantum technology with a wide range of successful applications. Most of these applications are of an algebraic nature. However, other tasks that involve differentiation and integration remain…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-09 Quanlong Wang , Richie Yeung , Mark Koch

We introduce here a new axiomatisation of the rational fragment of the ZX-calculus, a diagrammatic language for quantum mechanics. Compared to the previous axiomatisation introduced in [8], our axiomatisation does not use any metarule , but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-15 Emmanuel Jeandel

We introduce the Spin-ZX calculus as an elevation of Penrose's diagrams and associated binor calculus to the level of a formal diagrammatic language. The power of doing so is illustrated by the variety of scientific areas we apply it to:…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-11 Quanlong Wang , Richard D. P. East , Razin A. Shaikh , Lia Yeh , Boldizsár Poór , Bob Coecke

The ZX calculus is a mathematical tool to represent and analyse quantum operations by manipulating diagrams which in effect represent tensor networks. Two families of nodes of these networks are ones which commute with either Z rotations or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-07 Niel de Beaudrap

Quantum computers promise to efficiently solve important problems classical computers never will. However, in order to capitalize on these prospects, a fully automated quantum software stack needs to be developed. This involves a multitude…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-12 Robert Wille , Lukas Burgholzer , Stefan Hillmich , Thomas Grurl , Alexander Ploier , Tom Peham

Categorical quantum mechanics and the Wolfram model offer distinct but complementary approaches to studying the relationship between diagrammatic rewriting systems over combinatorial structures and the foundations of physics; the objective…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Jonathan Gorard , Manojna Namuduri , Xerxes D. Arsiwalla

As state-of-the-art quantum computers are capable of running increasingly complex algorithms, the need for automated methods to design and test potential applications rises. Equivalence checking of quantum circuits is an important, yet…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-30 Tom Peham , Lukas Burgholzer , Robert Wille

The ZH-calculus is a graphical calculus for linear maps between qubits that allows a natural representation of the Toffoli+Hadamard gate set. The original version of the calculus, which allows every generator to be labelled by an arbitrary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-17 John van de Wetering , Sal Wolffs

ZW-calculus is a useful graphical language for pure qubit quantum computing. It is via the translation of the completeness of ZW-calculus that the first proof of completeness of ZX-calculus was obtained. A d-level generalisation of qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-13 Quanlong Wang

Diagrammatic representations of quantum algorithms and circuits offer novel approaches to their design and analysis. In this work, we describe extensions of the ZX-calculus especially suitable for parameterized quantum circuits, in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-16 Tobias Stollenwerk , Stuart Hadfield

This paper presents a novel approach to quantum architecture search by integrating the techniques of ZX-calculus with Genetic Programming (GP) to optimize the structure of parameterized quantum circuits employed in Quantum Machine Learning…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-21 Tom Ewen , Ivica Turkalj , Patrick Holzer , Mark-Oliver Wolf

Graphical calculi for representing interacting quantum systems serve a number of purposes: compositionally, intuitive graphical reasoning, and a logical underpinning for automation. The power of these calculi stems from the fact that they…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2011-03-17 Bob Coecke , Aleks Kissinger , Alex Merry , Shibdas Roy

Graphical languages, like quantum circuits or ZX-calculus, have been successfully designed to represent (memoryless) quantum computations acting on a finite number of qubits. Meanwhile, delayed traces have been used as a graphical way to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-29 Titouan Carette , Marc de Visme , Simon Perdrix

We propose a quantum programming language that generalizes the $\lambda$-calculus. The language is non-linear; duplicated variables denote, not cloning of quantum data, but sharing a qubit's state; that is, producing an entangled pair of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-31 Nicklas Botö , Fabian Forslund

We introduce a ZX-like diagrammatic language devoted to manipulating real matrices - and rebits -, with its own set of axioms. We prove the necessity of some non trivial axioms of these. We show that some restriction of the language is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-05 Emmanuel Jeandel , Simon Perdrix , Renaud Vilmart