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The stabilizer ZX-calculus is a rigorous graphical language for reasoning about quantum mechanics. The language is sound and complete: one can transform a stabilizer ZX-diagram into another one using the graphical rewrite rules if and only…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-22 Miriam Backens , Simon Perdrix , Quanlong Wang

Recent developments in the ZX-Calculus have resulted in complete axiomatisations first for an approximately universal restriction of the language, and then for the whole language. The main drawbacks were that the axioms that were added to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-24 Renaud Vilmart

Loop quantum gravity (LQG) attempts to unify general relativity with quantum physics to offer a complete description of the universe by quantising spacetime geometry, but the numerical calculations we encounter are extraordinarily…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-11-21 Ben Priestley

Systematic discovery of optimization paths in quantum circuit simplification remains a challenge. Today, ZX-calculus, a computing model for quantum circuit transformation, is attracting attention for its highly abstract graph-based…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Kayo Tei , Haruto Mishina , Naoki Yamamoto , Kazunori Ueda

Quantum computations are easily represented in the graphical notation known as the ZX-calculus, a.k.a. the red-green calculus. We demonstrate its use in reasoning about measurement-based quantum computing, where the graphical syntax…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-03-29 Ross Duncan

In this paper, we give a universal completion of the ZX-calculus for the whole of pure qubit quantum mechanics. This proof is based on the completeness of another graphical language: the ZW-calculus, with direct translations between these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-30 Kang Feng Ng , Quanlong Wang

This note describes how the the scalable ZXH calculus can be used to represent in a compact way the quantum gates that are diagonal in the computational basis. This includes controlled and multi-controlled Z gates, their generalizations,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-18 Titouan Carette

Optimizing quantum circuits is a key challenge for quantum computing. The PyZX compiler broke new ground by optimizing circuits via the ZX calculus, a powerful graphical alternative to the quantum circuit model. Still, it carries no…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-20 Adrian Lehmann , Ben Caldwell , Robert Rand

Finite-dimensional quantum theory serves as the theoretical foundation for quantum information and computation. Mathematically, it is formalized in the category FHilb, comprising all finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces and linear maps between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-28 Quanlong Wang , Boldizsár Poór , Razin A. Shaikh

This article presents a novel algorithmic methodology for performing automated diagrammatic deductions over combinatorial structures, using a combination of modified equational theorem-proving techniques and the extended Wolfram model…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-03-31 Jonathan Gorard , Manojna Namuduri , Xerxes D. Arsiwalla

Graphical calculi are vital tools for representing and reasoning about quantum circuits and processes. Some are not only graphically intuitive but also logically complete. The best known of these is the ZX-calculus, which is an industry…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-24 Hector Miller-Bakewell

Counting the solutions to Boolean formulae defines the problem #SAT, which is complete for the complexity class #P. We use the ZH-calculus, a universal and complete graphical language for linear maps which naturally encodes counting…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Tuomas Laakkonen , Konstantinos Meichanetzidis , John van de Wetering

Graphical languages are a convenient shorthand to represent computation, with rewrite rules relating one graph to another. In contrast, proof assistants rely heavily on inductive datatypes, particularly when giving semantics to embedded…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Adrian Lehmann , Ben Caldwell , Bhakti Shah , William Spencer , Robert Rand

Categorical Quantum Mechanics, and graphical calculi in particular, has proven to be an intuitive and powerful way to reason about quantum computing. This work continues the exploration of graphical calculi, inside and outside of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-09 Hector Miller-Bakewell

ZX-calculus is a strict mathematical formalism for graphical quantum computing which is based on the field of complex numbers. In this paper, we extend its power by generalising ZX-calculus to such an extent that it is universal both in an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-13 Quanlong Wang

Quantum computing is an emerging computational paradigm with the potential to outperform classical computers in solving a variety of problems. To achieve this, quantum programs are typically represented as quantum circuits, which must be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Valter Uotila , Cong Yu , Bo Zhao

Continuous-variable (CV) quantum information processing is a promising candidate for large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computation. However, analysis of CV quantum process relies mostly on direct computation of the evolution of operators…

Unitary fusion categories formalise the algebraic theory of topological quantum computation. These categories come naturally enriched in a subcategory of the category of Hilbert spaces, and by looking at this subcategory, one can identify a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-16 Fatimah Rita Ahmadi , Aleks Kissinger

A leading choice of error correction for scalable quantum computing is the surface code with lattice surgery. The basic lattice surgery operations, the merging and splitting of logical qubits, act non-unitarily on the logical states and are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-05 Niel de Beaudrap , Dominic Horsman

Quantum computers allow a near-exponential speed-up for specific applications when compared to classical computers. Despite recent advances in the hardware of quantum computers, their practical usage is still severely limited due to a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-09 Tobias Fischbach , Pierre Talbot , Pascal Bouvry