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We study linear-quadratic games of incomplete information with Gaussian uncertainty, where each player's payoff depends on a privately observed type and a common state. The designer observes the state, elicits types, and sells action…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Alessandro Bonatti , Munther A. Dahleh , Thibaut Horel

Imperfect information games (IIG) are games in which each player only partially observes the current game state. We study how to learn $\epsilon$-optimal strategies in a zero-sum IIG through self-play with trajectory feedback. We give a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-02-16 Côme Fiegel , Pierre Ménard , Tadashi Kozuno , Rémi Munos , Vianney Perchet , Michal Valko

Test-time reasoning significantly enhances pre-trained AI agents' performance. However, it requires an explicit environment model, often unavailable or overly complex in real-world scenarios. While MuZero enables effective model learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Ondřej Kubíček , Viliam Lisý

We study the role of costly information in non-cooperative two-player games when an extrinsic third party information broker is introduced asymmetrically, allowing one player to obtain information about the other player's action. This…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-02-20 Matthew J. Young , Andrew Belmonte

Planning in stochastic and partially observable environments is a central issue in artificial intelligence. One commonly used technique for solving such a problem is by constructing an accurate model firstly. Although some recent approaches…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-04-08 Yunlong Liu , Jianyang Zheng

Search in test time is often used to improve the performance of reinforcement learning algorithms. Performing theoretically sound search in fully adversarial two-player games with imperfect information is notoriously difficult and requires…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Ondrej Kubicek , Neil Burch , Viliam Lisy

The paper presents a new method for approximating Strong Stackelberg Equilibrium in general-sum sequential games with imperfect information and perfect recall. The proposed approach is generic as it does not rely on any specific properties…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Jan Karwowski , Jacek Mańdziuk

Many real-world decision problems involve the interaction of multiple self-interested agents with limited sensing ability. The partially observable stochastic game (POSG) provides a mathematical framework for modeling these problems,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Tyler Becker , Zachary Sunberg

In imperfect information games (e.g. Bridge, Skat, Poker), one of the fundamental considerations is to infer the missing information while at the same time avoiding the disclosure of private information. Disregarding the issue of protecting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Jérôme Arjonilla , Abdallah Saffidine , Tristan Cazenave

Humans learn to play video games significantly faster than the state-of-the-art reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms. People seem to build simple models that are easy to learn to support planning and strategic exploration. Inspired by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-11-27 Ramtin Keramati , Jay Whang , Patrick Cho , Emma Brunskill

The design of autonomous agents that can interact effectively with other agents without prior coordination is a core problem in multi-agent systems. Type-based reasoning methods achieve this by maintaining a belief over a set of potential…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Jonathon Schwartz , Hanna Kurniawati , Marcus Hutter

When learning to play an imperfect information game, it is often easier to first start with the basic mechanics of the game rules. For example, one can play several example rounds with private cards revealed to all players to better…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Benjamin Heymann , Marc Lanctot

AI algorithms for imperfect-information games are typically compared using performance metrics on individual games, making it difficult to assess robustness across game choices. Card games are a natural domain for imperfect information due…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Mark Goadrich , Achille Morenville , Éric Piette

The combination of Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) and deep reinforcement learning is state-of-the-art in two-player perfect-information games. In this paper, we describe a search algorithm that uses a variant of MCTS which we enhanced by 1)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Arta Seify , Michael Buro

Financial markets investors are involved in many games -- they must interact with other agents to achieve their goals. Among them are those directly connected with their activity on markets but one cannot neglect other aspects that…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2008-12-02 Edward W. Piotrowski , Jan Sladkowski , Anna Szczypinska

Poker is in the family of imperfect information games unlike other games such as chess, connect four, etc which are perfect information game instead. While many perfect information games have been solved, no non-trivial imperfect…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Prathamesh Sonawane , Arav Chheda

Imperfect information games, such as Bridge and Skat, present challenges due to state-space explosion and hidden information, posing formidable obstacles for search algorithms. Determinization-based algorithms offer a resolution by sampling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Jérôme Arjonilla , Abdallah Saffidine , Tristan Cazenave

Researchers on artificial intelligence have achieved human-level intelligence in large-scale perfect-information games, but it is still a challenge to achieve (nearly) optimal results (in other words, an approximate Nash Equilibrium) in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-04-09 Li Zhang , Wei Wang , Shijian Li , Gang Pan

We study the problem of implementing equilibria of complete information games in settings of incomplete information, and address this problem using "recommender mechanisms." A recommender mechanism is one that does not have the power to…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2015-12-11 Michael Kearns , Mallesh M. Pai , Aaron Roth , Jonathan Ullman

Limited lookahead has been studied for decades in perfect-information games. We initiate a new direction via two simultaneous deviation points: generalization to imperfect-information games and a game-theoretic approach. We study how one…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-03-20 Christian Kroer , Tuomas Sandholm