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Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) offers promising potential for advancing human-AI collaboration in qualitative research. However, existing works focused on conventional machine-learning and pattern-based AI systems, and little is…

Chatbots are designed to carry out human-like conversations across different domains, such as general chit-chat, knowledge exchange, and persona-grounded conversations. To measure the quality of such conversational agents, a dialogue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Chen Zhang , Luis Fernando D'Haro , Thomas Friedrichs , Haizhou Li

As conversational agents increasingly engage in emotionally supportive dialogue, it is important to understand how closely their interactions resemble those in traditional therapy settings. This study investigates whether the concerns…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Sophie Chiang , Guy Laban , Hatice Gunes

Dialogue-based language models mark a huge milestone in the field of artificial intelligence, by their impressive ability to interact with users, as well as a series of challenging tasks prompted by customized instructions. However, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Rui Hao , Linmei Hu , Weijian Qi , Qingliu Wu , Yirui Zhang , Liqiang Nie

Conversational agents have made significant progress since ELIZA, expanding their role across various domains, including healthcare, education, and customer service. As these agents become increasingly integrated into daily human…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Paulo Ricardo Knob , Leonardo Scholler , Juliano Rigatti , Soraia Raupp Musse

Large Language Models based on transformer algorithms have revolutionized Artificial Intelligence by enabling verbal interaction with machines akin to human conversation. These AI agents have surpassed the Turing Test, achieving confusion…

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in customer-facing applications, a critical yet underexplored question is how users communicate differently with LLM chatbots compared to human agent. In this study, we present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Fulei Zhang , Zhou Yu

Remarkable advancements in modern generative foundation models have enabled the development of sophisticated and highly capable autonomous agents that can observe their environment, invoke tools, and communicate with other agents to solve…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Gagan Bansal , Jennifer Wortman Vaughan , Saleema Amershi , Eric Horvitz , Adam Fourney , Hussein Mozannar , Victor Dibia , Daniel S. Weld

Chatbots are one class of intelligent, conversational software agents activated by natural language input (which can be in the form of text, voice, or both). They provide conversational output in response, and if commanded, can sometimes…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2017-04-18 Nicole M. Radziwill , Morgan C. Benton

With the rapid adoption of LLM-based chatbots, there is a pressing need to evaluate what humans and LLMs can achieve together. However, standard benchmarks, such as MMLU, measure LLM capabilities in isolation (i.e., "AI-alone"). Here, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Serina Chang , Ashton Anderson , Jake M. Hofman

Recent work building open-domain chatbots has demonstrated that increasing model size improves performance. On the other hand, latency and connectivity considerations dictate the move of digital assistants on the device. Giving a digital…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-11 Greyson Gerhard-Young , Raviteja Anantha , Srinivas Chappidi , Björn Hoffmeister

Pre-trained models have achieved excellent performance on the dialogue task. However, for the continual increase of online chit-chat scenarios, directly fine-tuning these models for each of the new tasks not only explodes the capacity of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Shaoxiong Feng , Xuancheng Ren , Kan Li , Xu Sun

Interacting with human via high-quality multi-turn dialogues is a key feature of large language models (LLMs). However, human-based evaluation of such capability involves intensive manual labor. This report provides a preliminary evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Haodong Duan , Jueqi Wei , Chonghua Wang , Hongwei Liu , Yixiao Fang , Songyang Zhang , Dahua Lin , Kai Chen

Dialog evaluation is a challenging problem, especially for non task-oriented dialogs where conversational success is not well-defined. We propose to evaluate dialog quality using topic-based metrics that describe the ability of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-01-12 Fenfei Guo , Angeliki Metallinou , Chandra Khatri , Anirudh Raju , Anu Venkatesh , Ashwin Ram

Many organisations pursue digital transformation to enhance operational efficiency, reduce manual efforts, and optimise processes by automation and digital tools. To achieve this, a comprehensive understanding of their unique needs is…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Jiawei Zheng , Gokcen Yilmaz , Ji Han , Saeema Ahmed-Kristensen

Evaluating the quality of open-domain chatbots has become increasingly reliant on LLMs acting as automatic judges. However, existing meta-evaluation benchmarks are static, outdated, and lacking in multilingual coverage, limiting their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-23 John Mendonça , Alon Lavie , Isabel Trancoso

Despite the recent success of automatic metrics for assessing translation quality, their application in evaluating the quality of machine-translated chats has been limited. Unlike more structured texts like news, chat conversations are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Sweta Agrawal , Amin Farajian , Patrick Fernandes , Ricardo Rei , André F. T. Martins

Conversational AI chatbots are transforming industries by streamlining customer service, automating transactions, and enhancing user engagement. However, evaluating these systems remains a challenge, particularly in financial services,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Shailja Gupta , Rajesh Ranjan , Surya Narayan Singh

Chatbots, also known as conversational agents, have become ubiquitous, offering services for a multitude of domains. Unlike general-purpose chatbots, task-based chatbots are software designed to prioritize the completion of tasks of the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Diego Clerissi , Elena Masserini , Daniela Micucci , Leonardo Mariani

Adaptive chatbots that mimic a user's linguistic style can build rapport and engagement, yet unconstrained mimicry risks an agent that feels unstable or sycophantic. We present a computational evaluation framework that makes the core design…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-02 T. James Brandt