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This paper introduces a reinforcement learning framework that employs Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) to dynamically optimize the weights of multiple large language model (LLM)-generated formulaic alphas for stock trading strategies.…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Qizhao Chen , Hiroaki Kawashima

This work derives an approximate analytical single period solution of the portfolio choice problem for the power utility function. It is possible to do so if we consider that the asset returns follow a multivariate normal distribution. It…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2021-10-13 Dmytro Ivasiuk

Deep learning requires regularization mechanisms to reduce overfitting and improve generalization. We address this problem by a new regularization method based on distributional robust optimization. The key idea is to modify the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-08 Aurora Cobo Aguilera , Antonio Artés-Rodríguez , Fernando Pérez-Cruz , Pablo Martínez Olmos

Stock trading is one of the popular ways for financial management. However, the market and the environment of economy is unstable and usually not predictable. Furthermore, engaging in stock trading requires time and effort to analyze,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yunfei Luo , Zhangqi Duan

Sample inefficiency is a long-lasting problem in reinforcement learning (RL). The state-of-the-art estimates the optimal action values while it usually involves an extensive search over the state-action space and unstable optimization.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Kaixiang Lin , Jiayu Zhou

We propose DeepAries , a novel deep reinforcement learning framework for dynamic portfolio management that jointly optimizes the timing and allocation of rebalancing decisions. Unlike prior reinforcement learning methods that employ fixed…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2025-10-20 Jinkyu Kim , Hyunjung Yi , Mogan Gim , Donghee Choi , Jaewoo Kang

The stock market offers a platform where people buy and sell shares of publicly listed companies. Generally, stock prices are quite volatile; hence predicting them is a daunting task. There is still much research going to develop more…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2022-08-23 Jaydip Sen , Arpit Awad , Aaditya Raj , Gourav Ray , Pusparna Chakraborty , Sanket Das , Subhasmita Mishra

Derivatives, as a critical class of financial instruments, isolate and trade the price attributes of risk assets such as stocks, commodities, and indices, aiding risk management and enhancing market efficiency. However, traditional hedging…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-03-07 Yiheng Ding , Gangnan Yuan , Dewei Zuo , Ting Gao

The rise of microgrid-based architectures is heavily modifying the energy control landscape in distribution systems making distributed control mechanisms necessary to ensure reliable power system operations. In this paper, we propose the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-10-14 Sergio Rozada , Dimitra Apostolopoulou , Eduardo Alonso

Reinforcement Learning and the Evolutionary Strategy are two major approaches in addressing complicated control problems. Both are strong contenders and have their own devotee communities. Both groups have been very active in developing new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-08 Shangtong Zhang , Osmar R. Zaiane

Policy optimization is a core component of reinforcement learning (RL), and most existing RL methods directly optimize parameters of a policy based on maximizing the expected total reward, or its surrogate. Though often achieving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-10 Ruiyi Zhang , Changyou Chen , Chunyuan Li , Lawrence Carin

Policy gradient (PG) methods are successful approaches to deal with continuous reinforcement learning (RL) problems. They learn stochastic parametric (hyper)policies by either exploring in the space of actions or in the space of parameters.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Alessandro Montenegro , Marco Mussi , Alberto Maria Metelli , Matteo Papini

In this paper, we document a novel machine learning based bottom-up approach for static and dynamic portfolio optimization on, potentially, a large number of assets. The methodology applies to general constrained optimization problems and…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2020-11-24 Qing Yang , Zhenning Hong , Ruyan Tian , Tingting Ye , Liangliang Zhang

We study reinforcement learning in hybrid discrete-continuous action spaces, such as settings where the discrete component selects a regime (or index) and the continuous component optimizes within it -- a structure common in robotics,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Matias Alvo , Daniel Russo , Yash Kanoria

Optimizing discrete diffusion model (DDM) with rewards remains a challenge: the non-autoregressive paradigm makes importance sampling intractable and rollout complex, puzzling reinforcement learning methods such as Group Relative Policy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Tianren Ma , Mu Zhang , Yibing Wang , Qixiang Ye

Portfolio optimization is a ubiquitous problem in financial mathematics that relies on accurate estimates of covariance matrices for asset returns. However, estimates of pairwise covariance could be better and calculating time-sensitive…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2024-11-12 James S. Cummins , Natalia G. Berloff

In many scientific and engineering problems, noise and nonlinearity are unavoidable, which could induce interesting mathematical problem such as transition phenomena. This paper focuses on efficiently discovering the most probable…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-06-08 Jin Guo , Ting Gao , Peng Zhang , Jiequn Han , Jinqiao Duan

Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm is one of the most well-known reinforcement learning methods. However, this method is inefficient and unstable in practical applications. On the other hand, the bias and variance of the Q…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-02 Shuai Han , Wenbo Zhou , Shuai Lü , Jiayu Yu

We analyze a fixed-point algorithm for reinforcement learning (RL) of optimal portfolio mean-variance preferences in the setting of multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional-heteroskedasticity (MGARCH) with a small penalty on…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-02-17 Andrew Papanicolaou , Hao Fu , Prashanth Krishnamurthy , Farshad Khorrami

We present a reinforcement-learning (RL) framework for dynamic hedging of equity index option exposures under realistic transaction costs and position limits. We hedge a normalized option-implied equity exposure (one unit of underlying…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2025-12-16 Travon Lucius , Christian Koch , Jacob Starling , Julia Zhu , Miguel Urena , Carrie Hu