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High-quality information set abstraction remains a core challenge in solving large-scale imperfect-information extensive-form games (IIEFGs)--such as no-limit Texas Hold'em--where the finite nature of spatial resources hinders solving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Yanchang Fu , Shengda Liu , Pei Xu , Kaiqi Huang

We introduce WebGames, a comprehensive benchmark suite designed to evaluate general-purpose web-browsing AI agents through a collection of 50+ interactive challenges. These challenges are specifically crafted to be straightforward for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 George Thomas , Alex J. Chan , Jikun Kang , Wenqi Wu , Filippos Christianos , Fraser Greenlee , Andy Toulis , Marvin Purtorab

The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT and GPT-4 has sparked discussions on the advent of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). However, replicating such advancements in open-source models has been challenging. This…

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is the standard for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs), yet recent progress has moved beyond canonical text-based methods. This survey synthesizes the new frontier of alignment research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Raghav Sharma , Manan Mehta , Sai Tiger Raina

Over the past decades, researchers have primarily focused on improving the generalization abilities of models, with limited attention given to regulating such generalization. However, the ability of models to generalize to unintended data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Ziming Hong , Yongli Xiang , Tongliang Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) fine-tuned via Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) and Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) significantly improve the alignment of human-AI values, further raising the upper bound…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Jian Hu , Xibin Wu , Wei Shen , Jason Klein Liu , Zilin Zhu , Weixun Wang , Songlin Jiang , Haoran Wang , Hao Chen , Bin Chen , Weikai Fang , Xianyu , Yu Cao , Haotian Xu , Yiming Liu

Information retrieval (IR) evaluation remains challenging due to incomplete IR benchmark datasets that contain unlabeled relevant chunks. While LLMs and LLM-human hybrid strategies reduce costly human effort, they remain prone to LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Minjeong Ban , Jeonghwan Choi , Hyangsuk Min , Nicole Hee-Yeon Kim , Minseok Kim , Jae-Gil Lee , Hwanjun Song

While games have been used extensively as milestones to evaluate game-playing AI, there exists no standardised framework for reporting the obtained observations. As a result, it remains difficult to draw general conclusions about the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Vanessa Volz , Boris Naujoks

Many real-world applications can be described as large-scale games of imperfect information. To deal with these challenging domains, prior work has focused on computing Nash equilibria in a handcrafted abstraction of the domain. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-06-29 Johannes Heinrich , David Silver

Large Language Model (LLM)-based Collective Intelligence (CI) presents a promising approach to overcoming the data wall and continuously boosting the capabilities of LLM agents. However, there is currently no dedicated arena for evolving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Peigen Liu , Rui Ding , Yuren Mao , Ziyan Jiang , Yuxiang Ye , Yunjun Gao , Ying Zhang , Renjie Sun , Longbin Lai , Zhengping Qian

Games have a long history as benchmarks for progress in artificial intelligence. Approaches using search and learning produced strong performance across many perfect information games, and approaches using game-theoretic reasoning and…

AI algorithms for imperfect-information games are typically compared using performance metrics on individual games, making it difficult to assess robustness across game choices. Card games are a natural domain for imperfect information due…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Mark Goadrich , Achille Morenville , Éric Piette

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in everyday applications, demanding robust general reasoning capabilities and diverse reasoning skillset. However, current LLM reasoning benchmarks predominantly focus on mathematical…

We introduce GTO Wizard Benchmark, a public API and standardized evaluation framework for benchmarking algorithms in Heads-Up No-Limit Texas Hold'em (HUNL). The benchmark evaluates agents against GTO Wizard AI, a state-of-the-art superhuman…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Marc-Antoine Provost , Nejc Ilenic , Christopher Solinas , Philippe Beardsell

Given the remarkable performance of Large Language Models (LLMs), an important question arises: Can LLMs conduct human-like scientific research and discover new knowledge, and act as an AI scientist? Scientific discovery is an iterative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Tingting Chen , Srinivas Anumasa , Beibei Lin , Vedant Shah , Anirudh Goyal , Dianbo Liu

Open Large Language Model (LLM) benchmarks, such as HELM and BIG-Bench, provide standardized and transparent evaluation protocols that support comparative analysis, reproducibility, and systematic progress tracking in Language Model (LM)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Md. Najib Hasan , Md Mahadi Hassan Sibat , Mohammad Fakhruddin Babar , Souvika Sarkar , Monowar Hasan , Santu Karmaker

Current evaluation paradigms for large language models (LLMs) represent a critical blind spot in AI research--relying on opaque numerical metrics that conceal fundamental limitations in spatial reasoning while providing no intuitive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Liuhao Lin , Ke Li , Zihan Xu , Yuchen Shi , Yulei Qin , Yan Zhang , Xing Sun , Rongrong Ji

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized the way we interact with graphs, leading to a new paradigm called GraphLLM. Despite the rapid development of GraphLLM methods in recent years, the progress and understanding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Yuhan Li , Peisong Wang , Xiao Zhu , Aochuan Chen , Haiyun Jiang , Deng Cai , Victor Wai Kin Chan , Jia Li

We introduce GuessingGame, a protocol for evaluating large language models (LLMs) as strategic question-askers in open-ended, open-domain settings. A Guesser LLM identifies a hidden object by posing free-form questions to an Oracle without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Dylan Hutson , Daniel Vennemeyer , Aneesh Deshmukh , Justin Zhan , Tianyu Jiang

As large language models (LLMs) continue to advance, the need for up-to-date and well-organized benchmarks becomes increasingly critical. However, many existing datasets are scattered, difficult to manage, and make it challenging to perform…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Eunsu Kim , Haneul Yoo , Guijin Son , Hitesh Patel , Amit Agarwal , Alice Oh